scholarly journals The Influence of the Place Value System on Symbolic Number Perception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Oberholzer ◽  
Marcus Lindskog ◽  
Benjamin Scheibehenne
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Place Value ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Value System ◽  
Number Perception ◽  
Symbolic Number ◽  
Function Shape

Past research on numerical cognition has suggested that both symbolic and non-symbolic numbers are mapped onto the same compressed mental analogue representation. However, experiments using magnitude estimation tasks show logarithmic compression of symbolic numbers while the compression of non-symbolic numbers has a power-function shape. This warrants closer inspection of what differentiates the two processes. In this study, we hypothesized that estimates of symbolic numbers are systematically shaped by the format in which they are represented, namely, the place value system. To investigate this, we tested adults (N = 188) on a magnitude estimation task with unfamiliar base-26 and base-5 scales. Results reveal that adults showed systematic, logarithmic-looking underestimation on both scales, indicating that the place value system itself can cause the pattern. Additionally, the observed shape of participants’ estimates on both scales could be well explained with a simple model that assumed insufficient understanding of exponential growth (i.e., a characteristic of place value systems). Taken together, our results suggest that the discrepancy between symbolic and non-symbolic number compression can be explained by taking the effect of the place value system into account.

scholarly journals The psychophysics of number arise from resource-limited spatial memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Cheyette ◽  
Shengyi Wu ◽  
Steven T. Piantadosi
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Numerical Estimation ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Localization Task ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Number Perception ◽  
Scalar Variability

People can identify the number of objects in small sets rapidly and without error but become increasingly noisy for larger sets. However, the cognitive mechanisms underlying these ubiquitous psychophysics are poorly understood. We present a model of a limited-capacity visual system optimized to individuate and remember the location of objects in a scene which gives rise to all key aspects of number psychophysics, including error-free small number perception and scalar variability for larger numbers. We therefore propose that number psychophysics can be understood as an emergent property of primitive perceptual mechanisms --- namely, the process of identifying and representing individual objects in a scene. To test our theory, we ran two experiments: a change-localization task to measure participants' memory for the locations of objects (Experiment 1) and a numerical estimation task (Experiment 2). Our model accounts well for participants' performance in both experiments, despite only being optimized to efficiently encode where objects are present in a scene. Our results demonstrate that the key psychophysical features of numerical cognition do not arise from separate modules or capacities specific to number, but rather from lower-level constraints on perception which are manifested even in non-numerical tasks.

The Influence of Structural Aspects of the English Counting Word System on the Teaching and Learning of Place Value

1998 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Place Value ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Value System ◽  
Number Words ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Structural Aspects

The influence of structural aspects of the English counting word system on the teaching and learning of place value In their discussion of the teaching of place value to young children Fuson and Briars (1990) describe the extent to which the English spoken system of number words constitutes a ‘named value’ system for large numbers. They argue that, because two-digit numbers are not ‘named value’, teachers should move from teaching single-digit calculations to teaching calculations with large numbers, only returning to two-digit numbers when children are familiar with the standard written algorithms. This article uses transcriptions of children calculating mentally to suggest that they appear to take advantage of the ‘partitionable’ aspect of the language associated with two-digit numbers - an aspect that Fuson and Briars (1990) appear to have ignored. These examples appear to raise questions about their recommendation that teachers should progress from single-digit to large number calculations.

scholarly journals Economic Versus Social Values in Land and Property Management: Two Sides of the Same Coin?

2018 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 381-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Timo de Vries ◽  
Winrich Voß
Keyword(s):  
Land Management ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Value System ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Land Management Practice ◽  
The Common ◽  
Effects Of Land Use ◽  
Two Sides

Abstract This article reviews and analyses how and why land-management practice draws on two contrasting value systems: economic and social. Land managers are at the crossroads of different value systems, which both overlap and contrast. The aim of this article is to provide an understanding of which aspects are crucial in each of the value systems, and to provide a basis for how and where the value systems can be connected and where they are contradictory. This is undertaken using an exploratory qualitative and descriptive comparison, which contrasts the epistemic logics of the value systems, the manner in which each system makes use of different scales, and the way in which decisions are made with each value system. Such an understanding is crucial to improve coherence in designing and predicting the future effects of land-management interventions. Currently, practitioners tend to design interventions based on single value systems, rather than on combining or integrating value systems. The discursive comparison provides the initial steps towards a more coherent understanding of the common ground and the missing links in value logics applied in land management. These results are relevant to provide better descriptions and predictions of the effects of land-use interventions and develop improved transdisciplinary models to predict changes and development in the utilization of land or property.

scholarly journals Tracking the continuous dynamics of numerical processing: A brief review and editorial

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Faulkenberry ◽  
Matthias Witte ◽  
Matthias Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Number Processing ◽  
Hand Tracking ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Numerical Processing ◽  
Computer Mouse

Many recent studies in numerical cognition have moved beyond the use of purely chronometric techniques in favor of methods which track the continuous dynamics of numerical processing. Two examples of such techniques include eye tracking and hand tracking (or computer mouse tracking). To reflect this increased concentration on continuous methods, we have collected a group of 5 articles that utilize these techniques to answer some contemporary questions in numerical cognition. In this editorial, we discuss the two paradigms and provide a brief review of some of the work in numerical cognition that has profited from the use of these techniques. For both methods, we discuss the past research through the frameworks of single digit number processing, multidigit number processing, and mental arithmetic processing. We conclude with a discussion of the papers that have been contributed to this special section and point to some possible future directions for researchers interested in tracking the continuous dynamics of numerical processing.

Factors of values in the Dutch Language and their relationship to factors of personality

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boele De Raad ◽  
Jan Pieter Van Oudenhoven
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Value System ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Dutch Language ◽  
The One

Following the psycholexical approach, several thousands of potential value descriptors were selected from the Dutch lexicon. This set was subsequently reduced according to criteria of relevance to a list of 641 values. The value list was administered to 634 participants (self‐ and other‐raters), who had to indicate the extent to which each value was a guiding principle in the life of the target. Principal component analyses were performed yielding eight factors of values. In addition, ratings were collected on markers of three other systems of values, including the one described by Schwartz (1992). Finally, A Big Five questionnaire, the FFPI, was administered. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to describe the relations between the different value systems, and between the Dutch value system and the Big Five factors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals Character education based on six value system

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 00055
Author(s):  
Abduloh
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Character Education ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Value System ◽  
Review Analysis ◽  
Group Characteristics ◽  
Descriptive Method

Humans are social beings who mutually cooperate and interact with each other that have an impact on the changes and dynamics of a complex life, both individually and in groups that may be able to uphold the value and dignity and vice versa, it can be influenced by individual and group characteristics in living his life. The purpose of this study is to describe the application and outcome of character education based on six value systems. This study applied descriptive method with literature review analysis. The results of the analysis show that the character of education based on the six value systems can be applied in various levels of education from basic education to higher education and educational outcomes can have the characteristics of value for use, or benefits for the life of the community worthy both materially and spiritually that can solve the problem, Improvement and change of valuable moral, mental, and spiritual skills.

The Bi Cultural Value System: Undertaking Research Amongst Ethnic Audiences

2009 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmin Kaur Sekhon ◽  
Isabelle Szmigin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
Multicultural Society ◽  
Value System ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Key Issues

Marketing to ethnic communities is fraught with problems of understanding the cultural contexts and value systems of others. Within Britain, this is in many ways exacerbated by the prevalence of a multicultural society that spans generations. Second-generation ethnic consumers live in the world of their parents and their community, but often work and socialise in a very different cultural and social context. Inevitably these influences impact upon decision making. In this study we seek to unravel some of the factors that impact upon ethnic decision making, with a particular focus on one group: second-generation Punjabi Indians. We examine research that has sought to identify factors that impact upon their consumption behaviour, in particular acculturation, identity and ethnicity. We then present research findings that reveal some of the key issues that need to be considered in developing a research approach to understanding ethnic communities.

LEAN INNOVATION–INTRODUCING VALUE SYSTEMS TO PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

2011 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. 41-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. SCHUH ◽  
M. LENDERS ◽  
S. HIEBER
Keyword(s):  
Innovation Management ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Core Element ◽  
Lean Thinking ◽  
Value System ◽  
Value Stream ◽  
Internal Customers ◽  
Innovation Project ◽  
Innovation And Development

The implementation of lean thinking in innovation management has not been executed systematically yet. For instance, high uncertainties of processes or limited possibilities for automation in research and development (R&D) indicate special requirements for the implementation of lean thinking. A competitive R&D requires a holistic rethinking for the implementation of lean thinking. The lean innovation system represents the systematic interpretation of lean thinking principles with reference to product or process innovation and development. One core element of lean innovation is the value system, which is the basis for the value stream design in innovation and development projects. The value system defines, structures and prioritizes "values" adaptively for one specific innovation project. The values are defined by all relevant stakeholders in the innovation and development process, like external and internal customers, considering an organization's strategy and culture. It represents the basis for a consequent value-oriented alignment of project and processes in R&D. This paper introduces lean innovation and the core findings of the recent survey "Lean innovation" of the Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering WZL at RWTH Aachen University. Subsequently, the paper focuses on the value system, describes its elements, and shows how to use and benefit from the value system toward a powerful lean innovation.

Different intelligences’ role in overcoming the differences in employee value system

Kybernetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Živa Veingerl Čič ◽  
Matjaž Mulej ◽  
Simona Šarotar Žižek
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Business Success ◽  
Value System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Work Distribution ◽  
Employee Value

Purpose This paper aims to present the findings of the research about the role of different intelligences in overcoming the differences in employee value system as a source of success. Design/methodology/approach Based on their previous research, the authors used desk and informal field research, the Dialectical Systems Theory and its Law of Requisite Holism. Findings The integration of one’s personal development with one’s individual intelligence influences human value systems. Knowledge and developing of various types of intelligence matter: it lets individuals develop faster, in the long run. The higher one’s level of intelligence is, the easier one finds it to face problems or experience. Thus, one is becoming a mature personality, who can overcome extreme alternatives to the briefed human values. This process can also receive meaningful support from the exercise of social responsibility, which is one’s responsibility for one’s impacts on society, i.e. people and nature. Success of the process depends on “personal requisite holism”. The top managers need significantly more emotional and social competences than the others. Research limitations/implications The topic is researched with qualitative analysis in desk and informal field research. Quantitative methodological approach took place in the authors’ cited previous publications. Practical implications Work distribution makes the leaders and subordinates differ in prevailing values, too. Mastering of these differences will support business success, survival of jobs included and well-being of coworkers from both groups. Application of the cognitive, emotional and spiritual intelligences might help the organization meet this need. The fourth – physical intelligence – supports ensuring the psychological well-being at work; from this, other mentioned intelligences have been developed. Mastering of these differences can also receive support from methods of creative cooperation, social responsibility and personal requisite holism; the authors have reported about these elsewhere, and only point to these in this study. Social implications The more holistic intelligences system generates a more socially responsible society. Originality/value No similar concept is offered in the available literature.

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