General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - Multilateral Trade Negotiations (the Uruguay Round): Agreement Establishing the Multilateral Trade Organization [World Trade Organization]

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-27 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Trade Negotiations ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Uruguay Round Agreement

scholarly journals Desain Industri Sebagai Seni Terapan Dilindungi Hak Kekayaan Intelektual

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riki Andus Manulang
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Trade Negotiations ◽  
Industrial Property ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Paris Convention

Revolusi industri di Inggris pada sekitar abad 18 telah mengubah dunia secara drastis. Teknologi telah mengambil alih peran manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya terutama dalam hal mengatasi ruang dan waktu. Temuan-temuan besar seperti mesin uap, mesin cetak dan lain-lain membuat para inventor dan perusahaan besar mulai sering memamerkan hasil-hasil temuan mereka. Namun, bersamaan dengan ditemukannya teknologi industri timbul kekhawatiran bahwa ada kemungkinan ide atau gagasan-gagasan mereka dicuri oleh pesaing-pesaing bisnis mereka atau orang yang akan menggunakannya tanpa ijin dan mengambil keuntungan pribadi, tanpa memperhatikan hak-hak penemu, sehingga mereka enggan ikut dalam pameran-pameran internasional (world fair) . Sejak saat ini dia antara mereka timbul kebutuhan perlindungan hak hasil kekayaan intelektual. Kebutuhan perlindungan atas suatu desain industri mulai dikenal sekitar abad ke 18. Kebutuhan perlindungan hukum ini dimotori sekelompok profesional,Patent Lawyers yang sedang berkumpul di Vienna, Austria dalam suasana Vienna World Fair pada tahun 1873. Pada 1883 mereka mengadakan konvensi di Paris yang kemudian dikenal dengan The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. Saat ini Paris Convention mengakomodasi perlindungan penemuan-penemuan di bidang industri seperti hak atas paten, merek, rahasia dagang, desain tata letak sirkuit terpadu, indikasi geografis, varietas tanaman termasuk desain industri.Dalam pertemuan Putaran Uruguay di Marrakes, Maroko 1994, Indonesia hadir dan menandatangani The Final Act Embodying the Results of The Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations yang menghasilan dibentuknya organisasi perdagangan dunia (World Trade Organization). Moment ini mempunyai arti yang luas dan dalam bagi Indonesia, baik secara politis, ekonomi dan hukum. Selain menjadi anggota WTO yang mempunyai hak-hak sebagai anggota juga kewajiban-kewajiban antara lain mentaati seluruh keputusan-keputusan yang diambil organisasi ini. Di dalam lampiran The Final Act terdapat lampiran Trade Releated Aspect of Intellectual Property (Aspek-aspek dagangan kekayaan intelektual). Dampak dari hal itu ada kewajiban bagi negara anggota untuk melakukan harmonisasi peraturan-peraturan termasuk peraturan kekayaan intelektual. Maka, pada tahun 2000, pemerintah Indonesia menerbitkan beberapa peraturan HKI, yaitu Undang-Undang No. 29 tahun Tentang Varietas Tanaman; Undang-Undang No. 30 Tahun 2000 Tentang Rahasia Dagang; Undang-Undang No. 31 Tahun 2000 Tentang Desain Industri; Undang-Undang No. 32 Tahun 2000 Tentang Desain Tata Letak Sirkuit Terpadu.Dengan judul Desain Industri Sebagai Seni Terapan Dilindungi Hak kekayaan Intelektual secara yuridis normatif akan dijelaskan bahwa suatu desain selain dapat dilindungi hak Desain Industri juga dapat dilindungi dengan hak cipta. Dalam tulisan ini akan diangkat tentang apakah suatu desain dapat dilindungi dengan hak cipta? Bagi seorang pendesain perlindungan hak apa yang akan dipilih untuk melindungi hasil desain suatu produk?

The Decisions Bridging the GATT 1947 and the WTO Agreement

1996 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. Moore
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Trade Negotiations ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
Gatt 1947

On September 20, 1986, the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 (GATT 1947) agreed to launch an eighth round of multilateral trade negotiations known as the Uruguay Round. More than seven years later they concluded the round, not with an amended version of the GATT 1947, but with an entirely new treaty, the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.

scholarly journals Free Trade Agreements: WTO and ASEAN Implications

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 95-111
Author(s):  
Jose L. Tongzon
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Negotiations ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
Asean Countries

The World Trade Organization (WTO) (formerly GATT) was established primarily to achieve free trade across the globe based on the principle of non-discrimination and the process of multilateral trade negotiations. The fact that most countries are members of WTO reflects the worldwide belief in the benefits of a global free trade. Despite its achievements since the first round of multilateral trade negotiations was held, the effectiveness of the process has been called into question. Most WTO members are now proposing new regional trading arrangements (RTAs), such as free trade agreements (FTAs). What implication does these RTAs have for the WTO and ASEAN countries? Should ASEAN countries give regionalism priority over the WTO-based multilateral approach? To answer this questions, this paper will first summarize the motivations behind the formation of RTAs before presenting the merits and demerits of RTAs as an approach to achieve universal free trade and maximize developing countries' welfare. It is argued that despite its inherent limitations it is important for ASEAN countries to remain primarily committed to the principles of WTO and the process of multilateral trade negotiations.

scholarly journals Globalization and Northeast Agriculture: Implications of the Upcoming Round of World Trade Negotiations

1999 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Blandford
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Trade Negotiations ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
The World ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
Agreement On Agriculture

The signing of the Uruguay Round agreement on agriculture (URAA) in 1994 was a significant step towards the liberalization of world agricultural trade. A new round of negotiations on agriculture is scheduled to begin under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO) at the end of 1999. This paper discusses the likely agenda of those negotiations and their implications for agriculture in the northeastern United States.

Impact of WTO's AOA on India's Trade in Agriculture

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Sunil Kumar Niranjan
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Trade Negotiation ◽  
Multilateral Trade Negotiation ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
The World ◽  
Gatt Round ◽  
History Of

The agreement on agriculture (AOA) forms a part of the final act of the Uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiation, which was signed by the member's countries in April 1994 at Marrakesh, Morocco and came into force on 1st January 1995.for the first time, agriculture features in a major way in the GATT round of multilateral trade negotiations. Although the original GATT- the predecessor of the World Trade organization (WTO) applied to trade in agriculture, various expectations to the disciplines on the use of non-tariff measures and subsidy meant that it did not do so effectively. The Uruguay round agreement sought to bring order and fair competition to this highly distorted sector of world trade by establishment of a fair and market oriented agriculture trading sector. Therefore the formation of the world trade organization (WTO) in January 1, 1995 as a successor organization for the General Agreement of Tariff and Trade (GATT) was watershed event in the history of global trade reform.

scholarly journals Agriculture in the WTO: A European Union Perspective

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-202
Author(s):  
Tassos Haniotis
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Trade Negotiations ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Essential Questions

The failure of the Seattle Ministerial to launch a new Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations raised a series of essential questions concerning the future of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This is only natural, considering the expectations that were raised before the Ministerial, the unprecedented extent of public discontent (albeit of various, often opposing tendencies), and the at-this-stage uncertain follow-up.

scholarly journals Antidumping e a Organização Mundial do Comércio: da emergência à incerteza da regulação internacional/Anti-dumping and the World Trade Organization: from the emergency to the uncertainty of the international regulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 608-627
Author(s):  
Marc Antoni Deitos
Keyword(s):  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Doha Round ◽  
State Behavior ◽  
International Regulation ◽  
Bretton Woods ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
International Regulations

Esse artigo tem como objetivo analisar a mudança de padrão do comportamento dos Estados nas negociações dos sucessivos acordos antidumping do sistema multilateral de comércio desde Bretton Woods. Parte-se do estudo histórico do comportamento dos Estados em relação aos códigos antidumping, após o fechamento das Rodadas Kennedy, Tóquio e Uruguai, e as reformas que se seguiram nas legislações domésticas dos signatários. Demonstra-se que, historicamente, os países aproximaram as práticas internas aos acordos multilaterais. Contudo, o mandato de abertura para negociar um novo acordo antidumping em Doha inseriu um componente desestabilizador na evolução histórica da regulação multilateral das medidas antidumping. Os membros, diante das incertezas de Doha, se anteciparam ao fechamento da rodada, alterando as legislações nacionais para adaptá-las aos novos desafios do comércio internacional, em movimento contrário ao historicamente verificado. Esse comportamento tende a dificultar ainda mais o fechamento da Rodada de Doha, uma vez que os membros limitaram, antecipadamente, em suas legislações nacionais antidumping, grande parte dos temas que poderiam transigir nas negociações internacionais.Palavras-chave: antidumping; Organização Mundial do Comércio; Rodada de Doha.  Abstract: This article analyses the change in the pattern of State behavior throughout the successive antidumping agreements at the multilateral trade regime since Bretton Woods. It analyses the historic pattern of State behavior related to the antidumping agreements after each round of negotiation – Kennedy, Tokyo and Uruguay Round. It suggests that, historically, the signatories have brought together national and international regulations. On the other hand, it also suggests that the Doha Round has made a change in this historic pattern of State behavior. Confronted with Doha Round uncertainties, WTO members issued new anti-dumping regulations to face the challenges imposed by the actual international economic context. This behavior difficult even more to reach a final say on the new antidumping agreement negotiated during the Doha Round. The signatories have already written down their international position, when they passed new antidumping regulations at home. This behavior constraints the natural bargain that occurs in international negotiations, since it implicates changes in brand new national legislation.  Key-words: antidumping; World Trade Organization; Doha Round.    DOI: 10.20424/2237-7743/bjir.v4n3p608-627

scholarly journals Agriculture and developing countries in the new round of negotiations within WTO

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 53-70
Author(s):  
Zora Prekajac
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Multilateral Trading System ◽  
Agreement On Agriculture

The Ministerial Conference held in Doha (Qatar) launched a new round of multilateral trade negotiations in World Trade Organization. It is called the development round because the interests and needs of developing countries are in the focus of negotiations. One of the most important (and controversial) questions is the liberalization of international trade in agricultural products. The beginning of that process was the conclusion of the Agreement on agriculture during the Uruguay Round which was followed by the negotiations initiated in 2000. The negotiations are supposed to finish until the end of the year 2006. Analyzing the recent results of negotiations, we can conclude that a lot of questions are not harmonized and that in front of the negotiators is a very difficult and complex task to overcome the existing differences and find compromise solutions. The results of the Doha negotiations (including agriculture) are very important for the future of the multilateral trading system.

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