Impact of WTO's AOA on India's Trade in Agriculture

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Sunil Kumar Niranjan

The agreement on agriculture (AOA) forms a part of the final act of the Uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiation, which was signed by the member's countries in April 1994 at Marrakesh, Morocco and came into force on 1st January 1995.for the first time, agriculture features in a major way in the GATT round of multilateral trade negotiations. Although the original GATT- the predecessor of the World Trade organization (WTO) applied to trade in agriculture, various expectations to the disciplines on the use of non-tariff measures and subsidy meant that it did not do so effectively. The Uruguay round agreement sought to bring order and fair competition to this highly distorted sector of world trade by establishment of a fair and market oriented agriculture trading sector. Therefore the formation of the world trade organization (WTO) in January 1, 1995 as a successor organization for the General Agreement of Tariff and Trade (GATT) was watershed event in the history of global trade reform.

2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 829-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward D. Mansfield ◽  
Eric Reinhardt

AbstractPreferential trading arrangements (PTAs) have spread widely over the past fifty years. During the same era, multilateral openness has grown to unprecedented heights, spurred by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO). If the cornerstone of the manifestly successful multilateral regime is nondiscrimination, why have its members increasingly resorted to preferential liberalization? We argue that developments at the heart of GATT/WTO encourage its members to form PTAs as devices to obtain bargaining leverage within the multilateral regime. Specifically, the growth in GATT/WTO membership, the periodic multilateral trade negotiation rounds, as well as participation and, especially, losses in formal GATT/WTO disputes, have led its members to seek entrance into PTAs. Conducting the first statistical tests on the subject, we find strong evidence in support of this argument.


1996 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. Moore

On September 20, 1986, the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1947 (GATT 1947) agreed to launch an eighth round of multilateral trade negotiations known as the Uruguay Round. More than seven years later they concluded the round, not with an amended version of the GATT 1947, but with an entirely new treaty, the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.


2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
Sibulele Walaza

The Group of Seventy-Seven (G77) plus China is positioned in global multilateralism as a platform for advancing the collective interests and issues of the global South in the United Nations (UN) system. For this reason, the organization has a special role to play in the multilateral trade negotiation system where groups, coalitions and alliances are crucial negotiation levers for individual countries. On this basis, the G77 seeks a fair, just and equitable international trade environment, an ideal linked directly to the pursuit of global reform towards a post-Western-led world. This article analyses critically the role of the G77 in exercising global South agency on international trade within the World Trade Organization (WTO) system and the efficacy of its role in promoting South-South trade co-operation. As the group is not without its challenges and its diverse membership has varied interests within the multilateral trade system, it is difficult to ascertain the group’s authority in advocating for reforms in the system. The G77’s advocacy for South agency, however, remains important.  


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Victor Crochet ◽  
Marcus Gustafsson

Abstract Discontentment is growing such that governments, and notably that of China, are increasingly providing subsidies to companies outside their jurisdiction, ‘buying their way’ into other countries’ markets and undermining fair competition therein as they do so. In response, the European Union recently published a proposal to tackle such foreign subsidization in its own market. This article asks whether foreign subsidies can instead be addressed under the existing rules of the World Trade Organization, and, if not, whether those rules allow States to take matters into their own hands and act unilaterally. The authors shed light on these issues and provide preliminary guidance on how to design a response to foreign subsidization which is consistent with international trade law.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riki Andus Manulang

Revolusi industri di Inggris pada sekitar abad 18 telah mengubah dunia secara drastis. Teknologi telah mengambil alih peran manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya terutama dalam hal mengatasi ruang dan waktu. Temuan-temuan besar seperti mesin uap, mesin cetak dan lain-lain membuat para inventor dan perusahaan besar mulai sering memamerkan hasil-hasil temuan mereka. Namun, bersamaan dengan ditemukannya teknologi industri timbul kekhawatiran bahwa ada kemungkinan ide atau gagasan-gagasan mereka dicuri oleh pesaing-pesaing bisnis mereka atau orang yang akan menggunakannya tanpa ijin dan mengambil keuntungan pribadi, tanpa memperhatikan hak-hak penemu, sehingga mereka enggan ikut dalam pameran-pameran internasional (world fair) . Sejak saat ini dia antara mereka timbul kebutuhan perlindungan hak hasil kekayaan intelektual. Kebutuhan perlindungan atas suatu desain industri mulai dikenal sekitar abad ke 18. Kebutuhan perlindungan hukum ini dimotori sekelompok profesional,Patent Lawyers yang sedang berkumpul di Vienna, Austria dalam suasana Vienna World Fair pada tahun 1873. Pada 1883 mereka mengadakan konvensi di Paris yang kemudian dikenal dengan The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. Saat ini Paris Convention mengakomodasi perlindungan penemuan-penemuan di bidang industri seperti hak atas paten, merek, rahasia dagang, desain tata letak sirkuit terpadu, indikasi geografis, varietas tanaman termasuk desain industri.Dalam pertemuan Putaran Uruguay di Marrakes, Maroko 1994, Indonesia hadir dan menandatangani The Final Act Embodying the Results of The Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations yang menghasilan dibentuknya organisasi perdagangan dunia (World Trade Organization). Moment ini mempunyai arti yang luas dan dalam bagi Indonesia, baik secara politis, ekonomi dan hukum. Selain menjadi anggota WTO yang mempunyai hak-hak sebagai anggota juga kewajiban-kewajiban antara lain mentaati seluruh keputusan-keputusan yang diambil organisasi ini. Di dalam lampiran The Final Act terdapat lampiran Trade Releated Aspect of Intellectual Property (Aspek-aspek dagangan kekayaan intelektual). Dampak dari hal itu ada kewajiban bagi negara anggota untuk melakukan harmonisasi peraturan-peraturan termasuk peraturan kekayaan intelektual. Maka, pada tahun 2000, pemerintah Indonesia menerbitkan beberapa peraturan HKI, yaitu Undang-Undang No. 29 tahun Tentang Varietas Tanaman; Undang-Undang No. 30 Tahun 2000 Tentang Rahasia Dagang; Undang-Undang No. 31 Tahun 2000 Tentang Desain Industri; Undang-Undang No. 32 Tahun 2000 Tentang Desain Tata Letak Sirkuit Terpadu.Dengan judul Desain Industri Sebagai Seni Terapan Dilindungi Hak kekayaan Intelektual secara yuridis normatif akan dijelaskan bahwa suatu desain selain dapat dilindungi hak Desain Industri juga dapat dilindungi dengan hak cipta. Dalam tulisan ini akan diangkat tentang apakah suatu desain dapat dilindungi dengan hak cipta? Bagi seorang pendesain perlindungan hak apa yang akan dipilih untuk melindungi hasil desain suatu produk?


2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-213
Author(s):  
Cathy S. McKinnell

Soon after the implementation of the Uruguay Round, U.S. agricultural exports reached their highest level. Now many things, including exchange rates, factor into any rise in exports, but almost all economists agree that lowering trade barriers through trade agreements has been a critical factor. The vast majority— 96 percent—of potential customers for U.S. products, including agricultural products, live outside the United States. We must work to increase our opportunities to sell into these global markets.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Daria Boklan ◽  
Olga Belova

Abstract Accession of Russia and Kazakhstan to the World Trade Organization (WTO) constitutes a landmark event in the history of this organization, especially in relation to trade in energy, in general, and trade in electricity, in particular. As a result, the role of the WTO in regulating trade in electricity has increasingly grown. However, the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, a treaty that binds both Russia and Kazakhstan, necessitates additional regulation for trade in electricity, concurrent with law of the WTO. Recently, this treaty was amended by the Protocol on Common Electricity Market on 1 July 2019. As a result, compatibility issues between the rules of the WTO and the Eurasian Economic Union arise. This article concludes that the law of the WTO can be relevant to trade in electricity between Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union and third countries because of the specific place of the rules of the WTO under the Eurasian Economic Union legal order.


2004 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 95-111
Author(s):  
Jose L. Tongzon

The World Trade Organization (WTO) (formerly GATT) was established primarily to achieve free trade across the globe based on the principle of non-discrimination and the process of multilateral trade negotiations. The fact that most countries are members of WTO reflects the worldwide belief in the benefits of a global free trade. Despite its achievements since the first round of multilateral trade negotiations was held, the effectiveness of the process has been called into question. Most WTO members are now proposing new regional trading arrangements (RTAs), such as free trade agreements (FTAs). What implication does these RTAs have for the WTO and ASEAN countries? Should ASEAN countries give regionalism priority over the WTO-based multilateral approach? To answer this questions, this paper will first summarize the motivations behind the formation of RTAs before presenting the merits and demerits of RTAs as an approach to achieve universal free trade and maximize developing countries' welfare. It is argued that despite its inherent limitations it is important for ASEAN countries to remain primarily committed to the principles of WTO and the process of multilateral trade negotiations.


Author(s):  
Janice M. Mueller

The first day of January 2005 marked a dramatic turning point in the history of India. By deliberately excluding pharmaceutical products from patent protection for the previous 34 years, India became a world leader in high-quality generic drug manufacturing. But India’s entry into the global economy at the end of the 20th century, as evidenced by membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO), compelled the nation to once again award patents on drugs. Moreover, India henceforth would have to apply internationally-accepted criteria for granting patents, and the term of its patents would have to extend twenty years beyond filing.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document