International Trade Organization

1949 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-354
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Executive Secretary ◽  
The Creation ◽  
International Trade Organization

By April 1949 Australia had ratified the ITO Charter, contingent on its being put into effect by the United States and the United Kingdom. Other countries were awaiting action by the United States, where President Truman was about to submit the Charter to the Congress for decision. With the acceptance of the Havana Charter by twenty countries necessary for the creation of ITO, Eric Wyndham White, Executive Secretary of the Interim Commission, stressed the importance of bringing ITO into being without delay. He described the organization as essentially a business-like approach towards the reduction of trade barriers and the expansion of trade on a multilateral, permanent basis.

The Act of State Doctrine of the United Kingdom: An Analysis, With Comparisons to United States Practice

1981 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Singer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
The United States ◽  
Considerable Importance ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Contractual Rights

Until quite recently the doctrine of act of state had long occupied a quiet backwater of English jurisprudence. Some cases of the last few years, however, have indicated that this doctrine may assume considerable importance in the future. In this respect the English experience is similar to that of the United States, where act of state cases were relatively rare and received little attention for many years before Sabbatino. This coincidence should cause little surprise for, as the cases in both nations make clear, there are common underlying causes. Act of state doctrine developed in an era when governments confined themselves to a narrow range of activities. Nowadays, however, the doctrine is being strained to cope with the activities of states whose governments own and develop natural resources, and engage in international trade, while maintaining an approach to property and contractual rights vastly different from that of the United Kingdom and the United States.

Retaliation, Bargaining, and the Pursuit of “Free and Fair” Trade

1999 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishore Gawande ◽  
Wendy L. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Fair Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Economic

That domestic political economic factors are important determinants of a nation's trade barriers has been empirically well established. However, the question of how effective strategically retaliatory trade barriers are in deterring foreign protectionism has received far less systematic empirical attention. In this article we use bilateral nontariff barrier (NTB) data between the United States and five developed partner countries (Japan, France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom) to systematically examine the effectiveness of strategic retaliation. We employ a simultaneous Tobit model where the home and foreign NTB levels are determined endogenously in a bilateral game. The model provides estimates of deterrence coefficients, that is, the reduction in foreign trade barriers as a result of U.S. retaliation, which we use to characterize the nature of bilateral NTB games. Our hope is that the empirical results presented here, which have realistic though controversial implications, will inform U.S. trade policy.

Council of Foreign Ministers

1951 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-229
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
German Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Foreign Ministers

Proposed Meeting of the Council: Meeting in Prague on October 20 and 21, 1950, the foreign ministers of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Rumania, eastern Germany and the Soviet Union issued a statement in reply to the communiqué on Germany released on September 19 by the foreign ministers of France, the United Kingdom and the United States. Charging that the position of the three western governments was merely a screen to conceal the aggressive objectives of the North Atlantic Treaty and that the creation of mobile police formations was nothing less than the reconstitution of a German army, the eight foreign ministers stated that they considered as urgent 1) the publication by the three western powers and the Soviet Union of a statement of their intent to refuse to permit German rearmament and of their unswerving determination to create a united peace-loving German state; 2) the removal of all restrictions hindering the development of the peaceful German economy and the prevention of a resurgence of German war potential; 3) the conclusion of a German treaty and the withdrawal of all occupation forces within one year of its conclusion; and 4) the creation of an all-German constituent council to prepare for a provisional German government. The text of the communiqué was communicated to the United Kingdom, the United States and France under cover of a Soviet note on November 3. Stating that the Prague declaration possessed “the greatest significance for the cause of assuring international peace and security” and touched the “fundamental national interests of the peoples of Europe,” the Soviet government proposed the convening of the Council of Foreign Ministers „for consideration of the question of fulfillment of the Potsdam agreement regarding demilitarization of Germany.”

scholarly journals Competitiveness of meat and associated products in international trade

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Attila Jámbor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Trade ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Data ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
First Results

There has been considerable growth in global meat trade recently in line with globally increasing population and changing diets. The paper analyses competitiveness patterns in global meat trade between 1989 and 2018. The article applies the method of revealed comparative advantages on global meat trade data and reaches a number of conclusions. First, results show top 10 countries in global meat exports and imports as well as most traded products. Global meat exports are dominated by the United States, Brazil and the Netherlands, whole main meat importers were Japan, Germany and the United Kingdom. The paper shows that global meat trade is highly concentrated by country and product but this concentration has decreased considerably in the previous 20 years. By analysing specialisation in global meat trade, a diverse picture becomes apparent where export positions and comparative advantages are not always moving together. Last but not least, Hungarian positions are also analysed in context throughout the paper.

The Genesis of the Institute

1997 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-349
Author(s):  
R. F. Hansford
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
General Meeting ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early History ◽  
Annual General ◽  
Annual General Meeting ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Executive Secretary ◽  
History Of

The Institute of Navigation was born on 12 March 1947 in the Boardroom of Lloyds Register of Shipping. More will be said of this later, but the birth is well documented and defined.It will surprise no one that the conception is much less easily defined, but it is certainly no less significant a part of the genesis of the Institute. This article is an attempt to outline the early history of the Institute.During 1944 and 1945 an Institute of Navigation was formed in the United States and, in May 1945, it held its first Annual General Meeting with Professor Sam Herrick — a well-known American astronomer — as its Executive Secretary. Its meetings were attended by the Navigation Specialist on the British Air Commission in Washington (Squadron Leader D. O. Fraser) and duly reported back, through the Commission, to the Air Ministry in the United Kingdom.

Lives and works — biography and the law of copyright

Legal Studies ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Stephen Spender ◽  
The Law

In both the United Kingdom and the United States, there have been a substantial number of copyright disputes concerning the creation of biographical works. Prominent recent examples have involved J D Salinger and Sir Stephen Spender. In many such disputes, the claimant's motive for bringing infringement proceedings is not financial but ‘personal’— for example, to protect privacy or reputation. In this article, it is argued that, when copyright is employed for such motives, inconsistent results can arise. In particular, in such cases, it is demonstrated that the possession of a copyright interest is capable of providing a number of apparently inequitable advantages to claimants whose privacy or reputation is threatened.

International Trade Organization

1950 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-682
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
International Trade ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central American ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
International Trade Organization

Tariff negotiations were to commence September 28 at Torquay, England between the contracting parties of GATT. In August the United States announced its intention to negotiate with Cuba at the September meeting in addition to the 23 previously named countries (Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, the Dominican Republic, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Italy, Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Sweden, Turkey, Union of South Africa and the United Kingdom). It was announced that Nicaragua had become the first Central American republic to approve GATT.

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