International Integration and National Corruption

2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne Sandholtz ◽  
Mark M. Gray
Keyword(s):  
International Society ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
International Integration ◽  
Public Office ◽  
International Networks ◽  
Second Mode

AbstractWe argue that greater degrees of international integration lead to lower levels of corruption, which we define as the misuse of public office for private gain. We theorize that international factors affect a country's level of corruption through two principal channels. One acts through economic incentives, altering for various actors the costs and benefits of engaging in corrupt acts. The second mode is normative. Prevailing norms in international society delegitimate and stigmatize corruption. Countries that are more integrated into international society are more exposed to economic and normative pressures against corruption. We therefore test the following hypothesis: the more a country is tied into international networks of exchange, communication, and organization, the lower its level of corruption is likely to be. The analysis of data from approximately 150 countries strongly confirms our expectation.

scholarly journals Pig Farmers' Perceptions of Economic Incentives to Control Salmonella Prevalence at Herd Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Vesterlund Olsen ◽  
Tove Christensen ◽  
Jørgen Dejgaard Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Herd Level ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Farmer Behavior ◽  
Perceived Effects ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
Perceived Costs

This paper investigates how perceived costs and benefits of Salmonella control among Danish pig farmers affect the farmers' choice of action toward reducing the prevalence of Salmonella in their herds. Based on data from an online questionnaire involving 163 Danish pig farmers, we find a considerable uncertainty among pig farmers about the perceived effects of the Salmonella reducing actions. The results indicate large variations in the perceived costs of implementing different types of Salmonella reducing actions (management-, hygiene- and feed-related). For some cases, farmers associate net benefits and positive productivity effects with implementation of the actions while studies by the industry indicate net costs to the farmers. Differences among farmers support the idea of an outcome-based Salmonella penalty scheme but the large uncertainties about costs and effects of actions toward Salmonella control might hamper the effectiveness of such a penalty scheme as a regulatory instrument to affect farmer behavior.

International Experts or Fascist Envoys? Alberto Theodoli and Pietro Stoppani at the League of Nations

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Tollardo
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
International Society ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
International Networks ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Fascist Regime ◽  
International Experts

AbstractThis article seeks to shed new light on the complex nature of Italian agency in the League of Nations (LoN) and the Italians’ involvement in the international community that characterised Geneva in the interwar period. By analysing the actions and the networks of the Italians who worked in the League’s machinery, this article reveals the extent to which they were part of an international society emerging in Geneva. Through the experiences of Alberto Theodoli, chairman of the Permanent Mandates Commission, and Pietro Stoppani, director of the Economic Relations Section, this study concludes that Italian experts were fully part of the international society that flourished in interwar Geneva, being members of international networks and using their position to promote their agendas. However, these Italians were influenced in different ways by the Fascist regime and their attachment to the League’s internationalism varied. The article shows how the Fascist government realised the potential of the LoN world for promoting its foreign policy goals and legitimising the regime. Fascist Italy valued Geneva as a central forum for international relations and as a place where it could further its imperial ambitions.

scholarly journals Costs and Benefits of Implementing Green Building Economic Incentives: Case Study of a Gross Floor Area Concession Scheme in Hong Kong

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Fan ◽  
Edwin H. W. Chan ◽  
C. K. Chau
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Floor Area ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Evidence For Policy

Economic incentives are widely used to promote green buildings (GB) and consume social resources. However, few studies evaluate the costs and benefits of implementing economic incentives, including hidden costs and benefits. This paper applies cost–benefits analysis (CBA) and transaction cost (TC) theory to systematically evaluate the costs and benefits of implementing the green building economic incentives, with focused study on the Gross Floor Area (GFA) Concession Scheme in Hong Kong. The data of costs and benefits indicate how the GFA Concession Scheme motivates stakeholders and how much it benefits the built environment, which provides a solid foundation for the improvement of the GFA Concession Scheme. Expert interviews were conducted to verify and compliment the new CBA framework and provide empirical evidence for policy-makers and researchers to better understand the allocation of costs and benefits. The results show that the effectiveness of the GFA Concession Scheme is readily justified even if it has caused a lot of extra transaction costs and actual costs. A 10% GFA concession attracts developers to enter the GB market but discourages them to go for a higher level of GB. It is the right time to differentiate the GFA concession to promote a higher level of GB.

Using the research on intergroup conflict in nonhuman animals to help inform patterns of human intergroup conflict

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda R. Ridley ◽  
Melanie O. Mirville
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Nonhuman Animal ◽  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Animal Groups ◽  
Interesting Article ◽  
Nonhuman Animals

Abstract There is a large body of research on conflict in nonhuman animal groups that measures the costs and benefits of intergroup conflict, and we suggest that much of this evidence is missing from De Dreu and Gross's interesting article. It is a shame this work has been missed, because it provides evidence for interesting ideas put forward in the article.

THE IDEA OF TRUSTEESHIP IN INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY

2003 ◽  
Vol 368 ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM BAIN
Keyword(s):  
International Society
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