Reimagining the Buddhist Universe: Pilgrimage and Cosmography in the Court of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama (1876–1933)

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-shing Chou
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Close Connection ◽  
Tibetan Buddhist ◽  
Dalai Lama ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Modes Of Representation ◽  
Boundary Making ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
Wutai Shan

During his exiles from Lhasa in the 1910s, the Thirteenth Dalai Lama visited the holy places of Wutai Shan in China and Bodh Gaya in India. After his return, he commissioned paintings of these two places in cosmological mural programs of his palaces. While conforming to earlier iconographic traditions, these paintings employed empirical modes of representation unprecedented in Tibetan Buddhist paintings, revealing a close connection to the Dalai Lama's prior travels. This essay traces how these “modernized” renditions were incorporated into an existing pictorial template, and examines the deft rearticulation of a Buddhist cosmology in light of the Dalai Lama's own encounter with the shifting geopolitical terrains of the early twentieth century. I show that painting served as a powerful medium through which the Dalai Lama asserted his spiritual sovereignty and temporal authority over modernity's work of boundary making. The study elucidates a sphere of agency and creativity in the court of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama that has evaded historical inquiries to date.

Once again into the cabinets of Dr. Caligari: Evil spaces and hidden sources of the Caligari screenplay

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Ksenofontova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Close Connection ◽  
Set Design ◽  
Graphic Artist ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Fantasy Novels

This article poses a question previously overlooked in the tremendous body of research on Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligari: why does the cabinet take such a prominent place in the title alongside the protagonist? The question is approached through a reading of the Caligari screenplay, which reveals that its narrative can be fruitfully conceived as a struggle of ‘evil spaces’. Pursuing the origins of this original spatial structure, the article uncovers a close connection between the script and the popular fantasy novels of the early twentieth century, in particular the only novel by the Austrian graphic artist Alfred Kubin. It is finally argued that acknowledging this connection to fantasy novels as well as the importance of the spatial structure in the Caligari script allows us to reconsider the crude opposition between the script’s narrative and the film’s set design that is prevalent in the existing research on the film.

Gender and Theatrical Realism: The Problem of Clyde Fitch

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-352
Author(s):  
David Sehat
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Real World ◽  
Close Connection ◽  
Literary Value ◽  
The Real ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Clyde Fitch was the most famous playwright of the early twentieth century, but today no one studies him. The disconnect between his fame in his lifetime and his obscurity after death points to a major historiographical problem, a problem that began in Fitch's own day. Fitch's numerous contemporary critics, many of whom were early proponents of theatrical realism, criticized his plays as effeminate, bound by the narrow conventions of the legitimate theater that relied on women as its predominant patrons. By contrast, realism, as the critics under-stood it, was masculine, bringing the gritty reality of what contemporary commentators regarded as the real world to the stage. Criticizing Fitch's feminine dramatic sensibilities became a way of prodding him toward a strained realism in his own plays. Fitch's story illustrates the close connection of realism to the gendered hierarchy that became an unconscious element in the determination of literary value. In dismissing Fitch as worthy of scholarly attention, current theatrical historians have followed Fitch's contemporary critics. Even as they have eviscerated the gendered standards of the early twentieth century, present-day scholars have retained the critical judgments and the generic categories that the gendered standards produced.

scholarly journals Photography as Event: Power, the Kodak Camera, and Territoriality in Early Twentieth-Century Tibet

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-345
Author(s):  
Simeon Koole
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Qing Empire ◽  
Dalai Lama ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Ways Of Being

AbstractThis article rethinks the nature of power and its relation to territory in the photographic event. Focusing on thousands of photographs taken during the British Younghusband Expedition to Lhasa between 1903 and 1904, it reorients understandings of photography as either reproducing or enabling the “negotiation” or contestation of power inequalities between participants. It shows how, in the transitory relations between Tibetans, Chinese, and Britons during and after photographic events, photography acted as a means by which participants constituted themselves as responsible agents—as capable of responding and as “accountable”—in relation to one another and to Tibet as a political entity. Whether in photographs of Tibetans protesting British looting or of their “reading” periodicals containing photographs of themselves, photography, especially Kodak photography, proposed potential new ways of being politically “Tibetan” at a time when the meaning of Tibet as a territory was especially indeterminate. This article therefore examines how the shifting territorial meaning of Tibet, transformed by an ascendant Dalai Lama, weakening Qing empire, and Anglo-Russian competition, converged with transformations in the means of visually reflecting upon it. If photography entailed always-indeterminate power relations through which participants constituted themselves in relation to Tibet, then it also compels our own rethinking of Tibet itself as an event contingent on every event of photography, rather than pre-existing or “constructed” by it.

scholarly journals Objects, Things and Clues in Early Twentieth-Century Fiction

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-192
Author(s):  
Victoria Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Virginia Woolf ◽  
Detective Fiction ◽  
The Real ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Modes Of Representation ◽  
Agatha Christie ◽  
Twentieth Century Fiction

Despite their different aesthetics both modernism and detective fiction engage with, refashion and, at times, critique realism, and the description of objects is central to this. Tracing how certain types of object and relationships with objects feature in works by Virginia Woolf and Agatha Christie in the 1920s reveals that for each author, descriptions of interiors, and particularly the stuff that individuals accumulate in their homes, is central, and the presence of belongings vies with the absence of their owners. Considering the valences of furniture, scrap paper and curios shows how possessions continue to speak of the real even in writing that challenges realist modes of representation.

Some Polish Composers of To-Day

Tempo ◽  
1948 ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Andrzej Panufnik
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fertile Soil ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Progressive Group ◽  
Karol Szymanowski

It is ten years since KAROL SZYMANOWSKI died at fifty-four. He was the most prominent representative of the “radical progressive” group of early twentieth century composers, which we call “Young Poland.” In their manysided and pioneering efforts they prepared the fertile soil on which Poland's present day's music thrives.

V1214: Edward Loughborough Keyes: An Early Twentieth Century Leader In Urology

2004 ◽  
Vol 171 (4S) ◽  
pp. 320-320
Author(s):  
Peter J. Stahl ◽  
E. Darracott Vaughan ◽  
Edward S. Belt ◽  
David A. Bloom ◽  
Ann Arbor
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

New insights into the controversy surrounding marine biological laboratory (Marine Station) facilities in the Firth of Clyde in the early twentieth century

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-170
Author(s):  
P. G. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Marine Biological Laboratory ◽  
Biological Station ◽  
Marine Biological ◽  
Biological Laboratory ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Marine Station ◽  
Regius Professor ◽  
Adjacent Island

Three letters from the Sheina Marshall archive at the former University Marine Biological Station Millport (UMBSM) reveal the pivotal significance of Sheina Marshall's father, Dr John Nairn Marshall, behind the scheme planned by Glasgow University's Regius Professor of Zoology, John Graham Kerr. He proposed to build an alternative marine station facility on Cumbrae's adjacent island of Bute in the Firth of Clyde in the early years of the twentieth century to cater predominantly for marine researchers.

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