scholarly journals Dracunculiasis in the Caribbean and South America: A contribution to the history of dracunculiasis eradication

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Watts
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean

1. The Atlantic slave trade

2014 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Heather Andrea Williams
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Middle Passage ◽  
Slave Labor ◽  
Christopher Columbus ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Atlantic Slave Trade ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Slavery had long existed in Europe and Africa, but the history of the Atlantic slave trade begins in the 1440s with Portuguese exploration of West Africa. ‘The Atlantic slave trade’ charts the increased demand for slave labor in Portugal and the Christian justification of African enslavement. In the 1490s, the journeys of Christopher Columbus to the Caribbean and North and South America opened up mineral-rich and fertile lands on which European countries planted their flags and the Christian cross. More than 12 million Africans boarded the ships, but nearly 2 million died during the Middle Passage. Of those who survived, only about 5 percent went to North America, with most going to South America and the Caribbean.

Bequia sweet/ Bequia is sweet: syntactic variation in a lesser-known variety of Caribbean English

English Today ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Meyerhoff
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
South America ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Syntactic Variation ◽  
African Languages ◽  
European Colonization ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean

ABSTRACTAn analysis of dialect variability in the use of BE in the island of Bequia. Bequia (pronounced /bekwei/) is the northernmost of the Grenadine islands in St Vincent and the Grenadines. Like most of the Caribbean, Bequia has a long history of language contact, but most of the evidence for this must be inferred. It appears that the Carib population living on the island before European colonization settled Bequia in successive waves of migration ultimately originating from the coast of South America indeed the name ‘Bequia’ is said to derive from a Carib word becouya, meaning ‘Island of the clouds’, but as yet I have been unable to trace this etymon reliably to a particular Carib language. Based on what we know about St Vincent, and the limited mentions of Bequia in the eighteenth century, we can infer that, at times, there may have been contact between some combination of speakers of a Carib language or languages, French, English, African languages and/or possibly a relatively new creole-like or contact variety of English.

The geological history of northwestern South America: from Pangaea to the early collision of the Caribbean Large Igneous Province (290–75Ma)

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Spikings ◽  
Ryan Cochrane ◽  
Diego Villagomez ◽  
Roelant Van der Lelij ◽  
Cristian Vallejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Large Igneous Province ◽  
Geological History ◽  
Igneous Province ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean

scholarly journals A genetic history of the pre-contact Caribbean

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Fernandes ◽  
Kendra A. Sirak ◽  
Harald Ringbauer ◽  
Jakob Sedig ◽  
Nadin Rohland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
The Bahamas ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
Population Size Estimates ◽  
Ceramic Age ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean

Humans settled the Caribbean ~6,000 years ago, with intensified agriculture and ceramic use marking a shift from the Archaic Age to the Ceramic Age ~2,500 years ago. To shed new light on the history of Caribbean people, we report genome-wide data from 184 individuals predating European contact from The Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Curaçao, and northwestern Venezuela. A largely homogeneous ceramic-using population most likely originating in northeastern South America and related to present-day Arawak-speaking groups moved throughout the Caribbean at least 1,800 years ago, spreading ancestry that is still detected in parts of the region today. These people eventually almost entirely replaced Archaic-related lineages in Hispaniola but not in northwestern Cuba, where unadmixed Archaic-related ancestry persisted into the last millennium. We document high mobility and inter-island connectivity throughout the Ceramic Age as reflected in relatives buried ~75 kilometers apart in Hispaniola and low genetic differentiation across many Caribbean islands, albeit with subtle population structure distinguishing the Bahamian islands we studied from the rest of the Caribbean and from each other, and long-term population continuity in southeastern coastal Hispaniola differentiating this region from the rest of the island. Ceramic-associated people avoided close kin unions despite limited mate pools reflecting low effective population sizes (2Ne=1000-2000) even at sites on the large Caribbean islands. While census population sizes can be an order of magnitude larger than effective population sizes, pan-Caribbean population size estimates of hundreds of thousands are likely too large. Transitions in pottery styles show no evidence of being driven by waves of migration of new people from mainland South America; instead, they more likely reflect the spread of ideas and people within an interconnected Caribbean world.

scholarly journals Biological Anthropology of Latin America: Historical Development and Recent Advances

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas H. Ubelaker ◽  
Sonia E. Colantonio
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
South America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Biological Anthropology ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Growth Development

<table> <tr> <td> <p>Despite significant positive developments within topics of biological anthropology, archaeology, and related academic areas in Latin America, we noted a lack of coordination and communication among them. Available publications provide syntheses within different areas of biological anthropology, yet few have attempted integration of the distinct subfields. We decided to address the development and current issues of most major areas of Latin American biological anthropology in a single volume with chapters by distinguished, experienced scholars who live and work in Latin America, are knowledgeable about the topics, have published extensively on them, and who were recommended by specialists within six geographical regions of interest: Brazil and northeastern South America, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, northwestern South America, and southern South America. Six subdisciplines within biological anthropology were defined for academic coverage: (1) biodemography and epidemiology; (2) bioarchaeology and skeletal biology; (3) paleopathology; (4) forensic anthropology; (5) population genetics; and (6) growth, development, health, and nutrition. Though these six subdisciplines overlap to an extent, each offers a distinct history of development and presents unique issues to address. Chapters generally cover topics of history, the state of knowledge, methodological perspective, and areas in need of additional research. Although the text is in English, abstracts in English, Spanish, and Portuguese are included.</p> </td> </tr> </table>

An Archive of Diaspora at the “Jerusalem on the Ohio”

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-115
Author(s):  
Jason Lustig
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
American Jewish ◽  
Union College

This chapter introduces another model of total archives, Jacob Rader Marcus’s American Jewish Archives, founded in 1947 at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati. The AJA offers a counterpart to the Jerusalem archives considered in chapter 2. In the course of his time directing the AJA, from 1947 to 1995, Marcus developed another type of total archive, but one that represented an ideal of diaspora and dispersion as Jewish values and archival virtues. The process of gathering archives to Cincinnati reflected Marcus’s personal perspective on the history of America’s Jews, in particular by looking at it from a western-hemisphere perspective, through his efforts to gather materials from the earliest Jewish settlements in the Caribbean and South America. In addition, he created an archive of copies, looking to gather as much as he could in duplicate rather than in the original.

scholarly journals Biological Anthropology of Latin America: Historical Development and Recent Advances

2019 ◽  
pp. iv-385
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
South America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Biological Anthropology ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Growth Development

Despite significant positive developments within topics of biological anthropology, archaeology, and related academic areas in Latin America, we noted a lack of coordination and communication among them. Available publications provide syntheses within different areas of biological anthropology, yet few have attempted integration of the distinct subfields. We decided to address the development and current issues of most major areas of Latin American biological anthropology in a single volume with chapters by distinguished, experienced scholars who live and work in Latin America, are knowledgeable about the topics, have published extensively on them, and who were recommended by specialists within six geographical regions of interest: Brazil and northeastern South America, Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, northwestern South America, and southern South America. Six subdisciplines within biological anthropology were defined for academic coverage: (1) biodemography and epidemiology; (2) bioarchaeology and skeletal biology; (3) paleopathology; (4) forensic anthropology; (5) population genetics; and (6) growth, development, health, and nutrition. Though these six subdisciplines overlap to an extent, each offers a distinct history of development and presents unique issues to address. Chapters generally cover topics of history, the state of knowledge, methodological perspective, and areas in need of additional research. Although the text is in English, abstracts in English, Spanish, and Portuguese are included.

A revision of the genus Syagrus (Arecaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 294 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
LARRY R. NOBLICK
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Complete List ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Conservation Assessment ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Species Descriptions

Presented here is a taxonomic revision of the Neotropical palm genus Syagrus (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Cocoseae, Attaleinae), which is mostly from South America and primarily from Brazil. The history of the genus is reviewed. The revision includes a key, a complete list of synonymy, species descriptions, a list of specimens, distribution maps, color plates, and a conservation assessment of each species. Included herein are 65 species, 2 subspecies, and 14 natural hybrids. Of these palms, one is new (Syagrus pimentae); three are new combinations (S. cataphracta, S. elata, S. × dickensonii); and two have changed their status (S. graminifolia subsp. graminifolia and S. graminifolia subsp. glazioviana). Of the fourteen naturally occurring hybrids, eleven have hybrid names and three do not. This revision is an important contribution to the taxonomy and identification of Syagrus species from South America and the Caribbean, and is the culmination of many years of lab and fieldwork.

scholarly journals The Experience on Earthquake Risk in Central America

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-316
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Seismic Activity ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Central American ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Presented by the Central American Actuarial Association (Asociacion Acturial Centroamericana) to the 13th ASTIN Colloquium.The Asociaciôn Actuarial Centroamericana (AAC) is a grouping of Actuaries from the Central American Republics of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. The AAC is a contributing ASTIN member of the International Actuarial Association.Earthquakes have been a constant scourge of mankind. Central America has not escaped this phenomenon, indeed the territory has been most affected by them precisely because of its condition as an isthmus that serves as a fragile union between the continental land masses of North and South America, and in consequence being subject to disturbances by the displacement of the continental plates. Our lands abound with beautiful volcanoes, which have also contributed to local seismic activity. Whatever their origin, the earthquakes that have struck our country have left their share of destruction of lives and property.In Annex 1 a table is presented, showing a history of seismic activity and volcanic eruptions in the countries on the Caribbean Platform, in which we can appreciate in detail the catastrophes that occurred from the XVI Century until 1976.

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