Observations on the biology of Caraphractus cinctus Walker (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), a parasitoid of the eggs of Dytiscidae (Coleoptera). 2. Immature stages and seasonal history with a review of Mymarid larvae

Parasitology ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 269-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy J. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Single Cells ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Host Larva ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Commonwealth Institute ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
Host Embryo ◽  
Seasonal History

The immature stages of Caraphractus cinctus Walker are described.Four larval stages have been observed which may correspond to three or four instars. In no stage have mandibles been observed.The first-instar larva is elongated and active. In the second-instar oral lobes are present. In the next stage the larva becomes shapeless and rather transparent. In the last stage the wall of the mid-gut shows conspicuous opaque spots which consist of single cells containing spherical concretions, probably the products of excretion.These concretions later become free in the gut of the pupa and are discharged in the meconium when the imago emerges from the host egg.The effects of parasitism on the host eggs of different ages is discussed. In newly laid host eggs all the contents are consumed by the parasitic larvae. In advanced eggs of Agabus the egg of Caraphractus is laid in the mid-gut of the host embryo where the parasitic larva develops, the hard parts of the host larva remaining intact. Parasitism in advanced eggs of Dytiscus is rarely successful.The larvae of other Mymaridae are discussed and their main features compared. The first-instar larva of Caraphractus does not correspond to any of the previously described types of mymarid larvae.The seasonal history is described, with the sequence of hosts parasitized throughout the year. From four to six generations of Caraphractus have been bred indoors during the year. The winter is passed as a diapausing prepupa. In some cases diapause may be prolonged. Fertility is high: 121 imagines have been bred from one female of Caraphractus.I have much pleasure in acknowledging my gratitude to the late Dr W. D. Hincks for his kindness in reading the typescript of this paper: the comments by such a well-known authority on Mymaridae have been most valuable. I am very grateful to Mr O. Bakkendorf for allowing me to reproduce several of his figures of Mymarid larvae from the valuable work he devoted to the biology of Danish hymenopterous egg-parasites. I am also grateful to Miss B. A. Trott of the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology for the help she has so kindly given me with references.

Biology and morphology of immature stages of Meteorus trachynotus Vier. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1000-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Thireau ◽  
J. Régnière ◽  
C. Cloutier
Keyword(s):  
Average Duration ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Immature Development ◽  
First Time

The immature stages of Meteorus trachynotus Vier., developing in larvae of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), are described. The egg of M. trachynotus is of the stalked type. There are three larval stages. The first instar has a caudal appendage which stops growing in the second instar and is lost when the larva exits from the host in the third instar. Only the first and third instars have sclerotized structures. The head region of the first instar bears a pair of hooklike appendages which are described for the first time. Cephalic sclerites of the last instar larva of other species of Meteorus are compared with those of M. trachynotus. The average duration of immature development at 23 °C was 18 days, the egg stage lasted 3 days, the first, second, and third instars lasted 5, 2.5, and 2.5 days, respectively, and the pupal stage lasted 5 days.

scholarly journals Morphology of immature stages of Helophorus (Gephelophorus) auriculatus (Coleoptera, Helophoridae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 319-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuke N. Minoshima ◽  
Reiya Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Head Capsule ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Taxonomic Character ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Egg Case ◽  
Morphological Transformations

The morphology of immature stages of Helophorus (Gephelophorus) auriculatus Sharp, 1884 is described. This is the first description of the larva and pupa of the subgenus Gephelophorus Sharp, 1915. We describe the morphology of the egg-case, all larval stages (first to third instar, including chaetotaxy of the head) and pupa. Morphological transformations between larval instars were examined. Head chaetotaxy was nearly identical between instars. Ventral teeth on the nasale, considered as a useful taxonomic character, were absent in the first instar but well developed in later instars. Chaetotaxy differed among the subgenera Gephelophorus, Helophorus and Lihelophorus in the length and shape of setae on head capsule and maxilla. Pupal morphology was similar to that of previously described pupae: H. (Helophorus) aquaticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and H. (Rhopalohelophorus) orientalis Motschulsky, 1860. A key to families of the Hydrophiloidea of Japan based on larval characters is provided.

scholarly journals Biology and External Morphology of the Immature Stages of Dirphia moderata Bouvier (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Hemileucinae) in Anacardium occidentale L.

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-157
Author(s):  
G. A. S. Gonçalves ◽  
F. S. Barbosa ◽  
M. Paluch
Keyword(s):  
Average Duration ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Anacardium Occidentale ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Cashew Tree

Abstract The genus Dirphia Hübner, [1819] presents Neotropical distribution. This genus, besides causing accidents of interest in public health, is a potential defoliator pest of cultivated plants, among them the cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.), a crop of great economic importance. This study describes the biology, external morphology of the immature stages of Dirphia moderata Bouvier, 1929 including the first instar larva chaetotaxy. The egg stage had an average duration of 15 days, larval stage 45 days and pupa 60 days, totaling 120 days in average temperature of 28.8 °C and 59.5% relative humidity. Six instars were confirmed by the Dyar rule, with a growth rate of cephalic capsule K = 1.4 times per ínstar. The results found in the first ínstar chaetotaxy follow the general pattern known for Hemileucinae.

scholarly journals Curculio Curculis lupus: biology, behavior and morphology of immatures of the cannibal weevil Anchylorhynchus eriospathae G. G. Bondar, 1943

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno A S de Medeiros ◽  
Daniela C Bená ◽  
Sergio A Vanin
Keyword(s):  
Instar Larva ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The One ◽  
Plant Feeders ◽  
New Synonymy

Weevils are one of the largest groups of living organisms, with more than 60,000 species feeding mostly on plants. With only one exception, their described larvae are typical plant-feeders, with mouthparts adapted to chewing plant material. Here we describe the second case of a weevil with early-instar larvae adapted to killing conspecifics. We have studied the life history of Anchylorhynchus eriospathae G. G. Bondar, 1943, a species whose immatures feed internally on palm flowers and fruits. We provide detailed descriptions of all immature stages, including the extremely modified first-instar larva. Unlike other weevils and later instars, this stage exhibits a flat body with very long ventropedal lobe setae, a large and prognathous head with a gula, and falciform mandibles, each with a serrate retinaculum, that are used to fight with and eventually kill other first-instar larvae. We also provide biological notes on all stages and the results of behavioral tests that showed that larval aggression occurs only among early life stages. Finally we show that adult size is highly dependent on timing of oviposition. This specialized killer first instar probably evolved independently from the one other case known in weevils (in Revena rubiginosa). Interestingly, both lineages inhabit the same hosts, raising the possibility that both intra- and inter-specific competition shaped those phenotypes. Given the scarcity of knowledge on early larval stages of concealed insect herbivores, it is possible that our findings represent an instance of a much broader phenomenon. Our observations also allowed us to conclude that Anchylorhynchus eriospathae and A. hatschbachi G. G. Bondar, 1943 are actually the same species, which we synonymize here by considering the latter as a junior synonym (new synonymy).

scholarly journals Morphology of the immature stages of Panorpa qinlingensis (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) with notes on its biology

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-jun Cai ◽  
Bao-zhen Hua
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Central China ◽  
Compound Eyes ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Prepupal Stage ◽  
First Instar

The scorpionfly Panorpa qinlingensis Chou & Ran is described and illustrated in detail for its immature stages, including egg, larva, and pupa. The egg is oval with chorion decorated with irregular polygonal network. The larva is eruciform and peripneustic, bearing eight pairs of abdominal prolegs. A pair of prominent compound eyes are present on head. The first instar larva differs from later instars in possessing a prominent egg burster on frons and with clavate setae. The pupa is exarate and decticous, taking the shape of the adults. The scorpionfly is bivoltine, overwintering as prepupal stage in the soil. The durations of the egg, larval, and pupal stages are 5–9 d, 19–27 d, and 8–18 d respectively for the first generation. Adults emerge from mid May to early June and from late July to mid August in the Micang Mountain, central China.

The insect Parasites of the Carrot Fly, Psila rosae, Fab.

1947 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Wright ◽  
Q. A. Geering ◽  
D. G. Ashby
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Rare Occurrence ◽  
Psila Rosae ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Carrot Fly ◽  
Insect Parasites ◽  
Host Relations

Four insect parasites of the carrot fly have been encountered and of these three have been identified as Dacnusa gracilis, Loxotropa tritoma, and Aleochara sparsa. The fourth is a member of the genus Kleidotoma, species not yet ascertained.The life-history, development and host relations of D. gracilis and L. tritoma are given together with data on their distribution and range of parasitism.L. tritoma also occurs as a hyperparasite of D. gracilis but this appears to be quite fortuitous.Experimental evidence is brought forward to show that the first instar larva of L. tritoma goes into a diapause in early July, that a period at a low temperature is necessary to break this and hence development is only completed in the following spring.A description is given of the three larval stages of A. sparsa.Brief reference is made to the Kleidotoma sp. which appears to be of rare occurrence.

DESCRIPTIONS OF IMMATURE STAGES OF THE CYNIPID HEXACOLA SP. NEAR WEBSTERI (EUCOILINAE: HYMENOPTERA), A LARVAL–PUPAL PARASITE OF HIPPELATES EYE GNATS (DIPTERA: CHLOROPIDAE)

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (10) ◽  
pp. 1043-1048
Author(s):  
Fred M. Eskafi ◽  
E. Fred Legner
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Pupal Parasite ◽  
Third Instar Larva

AbstractHexacola sp. near websteri (Crawford), an imported larval–pupal parasite of Hippelates eye gnats, was reared in the laboratory on this host and its immature stages were diagrammed. The duration of each stage at 26 °C was as follows: egg, 2 days; first instar larva, 2 days; second instar larva, 3 days; third instar larva, 4 days; and pupa, 6–7 days. The morphological characters are compared with those of related species and the feeding activity of the larva is described.

LABORATORY STUDIES ON PERISTENUS PALLIPES AND P. PSEUDOPALLIPES (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), PARASITOIDS OF THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG, LYGUS LINEOLARIS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (8) ◽  
pp. 815-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Lim ◽  
R. K. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Lygus Lineolaris ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Tarnished Plant Bug ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar

AbstractDevelopment of P. pallipes, from egg to emerged larva, in the tarnished plant bug lasts 24.49 ± 2.38 days at 25 °C/16 h and 20 °C/8 h and 77 ± 5% R.H. with 16 h illumination.Eggs of P. pseudopallipes need 72–96 h to hatch under the above-cited regime. At least three distinct larval stages can be recognized without special staining procedures. The first instar larva is a caudate-mandibulate type. The second larval stage is acaudate and lives in the host haemocoele. The third larval stage is also acaudate and emerges from the host. The pupa is an exarate type diapausing in a cocoon. P. pseudopallipes is an arrhenotokous species. The longevity of the adults in the laboratory is about 16 days. The adult oviposits into the host abdomen.Survival of diapausing pupae is better at 16 h photophase than at 8 h photophase.

scholarly journals External morphology of the immature stages of Neotropical heliconians: X. Heliconius sara apseudes (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-533
Author(s):  
Kim R. Barão ◽  
Denis S. Silva ◽  
Gilson R. P. Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Scanning Electron

ABSTRACT The biology and morphology of the immature stages of Heliconius sara apseudes (Hübner, [1813]) are still little known. External features of the egg, larvae and pupa of H. sara apseudes are described and illustrated, based upon light and scanning electron microscopy. Eggs with smooth carina, first instar larva with scaly setae, and body of second to fifth instars covered with scattered pinnacles distinguish H. sara apseudes from other heliconiine species.

The Biology of Perilampus hyalinus Say (Hymenoptera: Perilampidae), a Primary Parasite of Neodiprion swainei Midd. (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) in Quebec, with Descriptions of the Egg and Larval Stages

1962 ◽  
Vol 94 (12) ◽  
pp. 1250-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard A. Tripp
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Hyphantria Cunea ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Primary Parasite ◽  
Fall Webworm

For many years, the specific name, hyalinus, has been used to designate certain Perilampus adults reared from a variety of insects belonging to the orders Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera. Normally, taxonomists hesitate to classify parasites from such a wide range of hosts under one specific name; but in this case their fears were allayed by the concept that most Perilampus species were strictly hyperparasitic and hence probably preyed upon a narrower range of hosts than indicated by rearing records. The hyperparasitic nature of Perilampus hyalinus Say was established in 1912 by Smith who recovered its immature stages from various primary parasites of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury. Smith gave an account of the behaviour of the first-instar planidial stage and came to the conclusion that the species could not develop as a primary parasite of the fall webwom. A hyperparasitic behaviour was demonstrated also for P. tristis Mayr on various primary parasites of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Bergold and Ripper, 1937). Primary parasitism was shown for P. chrysopa spp. (Clancy, 1946), and for P. italicus F. on the tenthredinid, Athalia colibri Christ. (Martelli, 1932). Nevertheless, the concept of hyperparasitism became generally accepted for most of the genus and discouraged attempts to utilize members of this genus for purposes of biological control of injurious defoliating insects.

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