Responses of the entomopathogenic nematode,Steinernema riobraveto its insect hosts,Galleria mellonellaandTenebrio molitor

Parasitology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 889-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. CHRISTEN ◽  
J. F. CAMPBELL ◽  
E. E. LEWIS ◽  
D. I. SHAPIRO-ILAN ◽  
S. B. RAMASWAMY
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Symbiotic Bacterium ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Time Post Infection

SUMMARYPotential hosts for infective juveniles of entomopathogenic nematodes can vary considerably in quality based on the characteristics of the host species/stage, physiological status (e.g. stress, feeding on toxins), and infection status (heterospecific or conspecific infection). In this study, we investigated responses of the entomopathogenic nematodeSteinernema riobraveto hosts (Galleria mellonellaorTenebrio molitor) that were previously parasitized with conspecifics or injected with the nematode-symbiotic bacterium,Xenorhabdussp., to determine if there is a preference for previously parasitized/injected hosts and when this preference might occur. In no-choice bioassays, the number of juveniles infecting both host species decreased with increasing time post-infection. However, infective juveniles continued to infect previously parasitized hosts up to 72 h. Significant preference was exhibited byS. riobravefor 24 h post-infectionG. mellonellalarvae over uninfected, and by 24 h post-injectionG.mellonellalarvae over 48 h post-injection larvae. No significant preference was exhibited byS. riobraveforT. molitorhosts previously parasitized with conspecifics or those injected with bacteria in any treatment combination. Such preference for, or continued infection of parasitized insects, has the potential to impact nematode efficacy.

scholarly journals First Record of the Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema litorale (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Its Symbiotic Bacterium from Turkey, and Its Efficacy Capability

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esengül Özdemir ◽  
Şerife Bayram ◽  
İ. Alper Susurluk
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Symbiotic Bacterium ◽  
First Record ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
Nature Park ◽  
First Time ◽  
Control Insect

The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema litorale was isolated from Çamkoru Nature Park located in Ankara, Turkey, in September 2018. Steinernema litorale was recovered in 1 of 67 soil samples from a natural forest area; the soil was characterised as sandy loam. The isolated nematode S. litorale was identified based on morphological and molecular parameters. The symbiotic bacterium of S. litorale was determined as Xenorhabdus bovienii. Steinernema litorale was found for the first time in Turkey and the Middle East. The virulence of the isolate was tested on Galleria mellonella larvae. Different concentrations of the nematode (10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 infective juveniles (IJs/larvae) were used. While the LC50 values at 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h were 153.419, 51.005, and 15.439 IJs, respectively, and the LT50 values at 75 IJs and 100 IJs showed that this isolate is capable to control insect larvae within 50.083 and 36.266 h, respectively.

Sex and the dynamics of infection in the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae

1997 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Bohan ◽  
W.M. Hominick
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Steinernema Feltiae ◽  
Infective Juvenile ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Infection Interaction

AbstractAn infection experiment was conducted to assess the change in the proportions of Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (Site 76 strain) infective juveniles becoming male or female on exposure to the test host Galleria mellonella L. Using a mathematical model for the infection interaction, the per capita probability of penetration per unit time (transmission coefficient), for those juveniles becoming male or female, and the magnitude of the male and female classes in the infective juvenile pool were estimated. The results show that S. feltiae infective juveniles which subsequently become female have a greater probability of invasion into test hosts than their male counterparts, which leads to markedly female biased sex ratios during the initial stages of the infection interaction. As the infection progresses, however, it was found that the sex ratio became balanced. This was because the underlying sex ratio in the infective stage pool was balanced. The implications of this dynamism in the sex ratio of the entomopathogenic nematodes are discussed with respect to the infection interaction, transmission and the likely environment in which the infective juveniles reside.

Mechanisms of specificity of association between the nematode Steinernema scapterisci and its symbiotic bacterium

Parasitology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 114 (5) ◽  
pp. 483-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. GREWAL ◽  
M. MATSUURA ◽  
V. CONVERSE
Keyword(s):  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Symbiotic Bacterium ◽  
Bacterial Symbiont ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Infective Juvenile ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Symbionts ◽  
First Report ◽  
Successful Isolation

We suggest a new mechanism for the maintenance of specificity of the association between the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema scapterisci and its symbiotic bacteria. We evaluated the development and reproduction of infective and non-infective juvenile S. scapterisci in monoxenic combinations with its symbiotic bacteria, Xenorhabdus sp. ‘S’ and with the bacterial symbiont of Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema riobravis. Although development of non-infective stages occurred on all Xenorhabdus spp., the development of infective juveniles to the 4th stage (‘dauer’ recovery) was significantly delayed and reduced with X. nematophilus and Xenorhabdus sp. ‘R’, the bacterial symbionts of S. carpocapsae and S. riobravis, respectively. ‘Dauer’ recovery improved significantly when the cultures of X. nematophilus and Xenorhabdus sp. ‘R’ were supplemented with cell-free filtrates from Xenorhabdus sp. ‘S’. The infective juvenile S. scapterisci produced in all 3 cultures were virulent to Galleria mellonella larvae, confirming successful retention of Xenorhabdus from other steinernematids in their intestine. In fact, S. scapterisci infective juveniles containing X. nematophilus or Xenorhabdus sp. ‘R’ were more virulent to G. mellonella than those containing their natural symbiont, Xenorhabdus sp. ‘S’. We believe that this is the first demonstration of the symbiont-specific exit of infective juveniles from the ‘dauer’ phase which represents the finest level of specificity of bacteria–nematode association. This is also the first report of successful isolation of the natural symbiont of S. scapterisci.

Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) on golf courses in eastern Canada

Nematology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Dionne ◽  
Guy Bélair ◽  
S. Patricia Stock ◽  
Louis Simard ◽  
Hervé Mauléon
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Rdna Sequence Data ◽  
Listronotus Oregonensis ◽  
28S Rdna Sequence

AbstractA survey of entomopathogenic nematodes from 38 golf courses was conducted in different climatic areas of Ontario and Québec provinces, Canada, during autumn 2002 and 2003. Soil samples were collected on golf course greens, fairways and roughs. Entomopathogenic nematodes were isolated from soil using wax moth (Galleria mellonella) and carrot weevil (Listronotus oregonensis) larvae as bait. Of the 436 samples (218 sites), 11 contained entomopathogenic nematodes for this study. All entomopathogenic nematode-positive samples were isolated from roughs. Isolates were characterised using DNA satellite probes and 28S rDNA sequence data. Both methods confirmed the identities of nematode isolates as Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae and S. kraussei.

Physico-chemical properties and mode of action of a signal from the symbiotic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens inducing dauer juvenile recovery in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora

Nematology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 849-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf-Udo Ehlers ◽  
Jens Aumann
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Symbiotic Bacterium ◽  
Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽  
Juvenile Stage ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Photorhabdus Luminescens ◽  
Physico Chemical

AbstractRecovery in entomopathogenic nematodes is the exit from the dauer juvenile stage. It is a response to environmental queues signalling the presence of food sources (e.g., insect haemolymph). The bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens excretes a signal which also induces recovery of its symbiotic Heterorhabditis bacteriophora dauer juveniles. This bacterial signal is composed of at least two compounds with different polarity. The symbiotic bacteria also secrete an antagonistic signal which inhibits nematode recovery. The recovery-inducing signal compounds have a molecular mass of less than 20 kDa and are negatively charged. The data indicate that at least one compound is smaller than 5 kDa. The bacterial signal triggers by receptor binding, the first step in a recovery-inducing muscarinic signalling pathway.

Host-finding ability of three entomopathogenic nematode isolates in the presence of plant roots

Nematology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Christopher Cutler ◽  
John Webster
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Host Finding ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Tomato Root ◽  
Tomato Seedling ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Tomato Roots

Abstract The effect of plant roots on the host-finding ability of three isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora D-H-Da1, Steinernema sp. Dongrae and Steinernema sp. BJ was studied. In Petri dish experiments the overall response of the infective juveniles (IJ) of these isolates differed from one another, but all were attracted to a Galleria mellonella larva and to a tomato seedling when either of these targets was presented with a blank control. The BJ and D-H-Da1 IJ aggregated more around a tomato root than a G. mellonella larva when these targets were presented separately, but showed no preference for a G. mellonella-tomato seedling combination over a blank control. Dongrae IJ showed no preference for a G. mellonella larva or tomato seedling when each was presented simultaneously in the same Petri dish. In experiments in pots of soil, plant roots did not affect the host-finding ability of Dongrae IJ. In contrast, compared to control pots with no roots, roots of bean plants hindered the ability of BJ IJ to infect a G. mellonella larva, but tomato roots increased host-finding by D-H-Da1 IJ. Roots of certain plant species modify the host-finding ability of EPN, but the extent and direction of the response varied with the EPN applied.

Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. noenieputensis subsp. nov., a symbiotic bacterium associated with a novel Heterorhabditis species related to Heterorhabditis indica

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (Pt_5) ◽  
pp. 1853-1858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiarin Ferreira ◽  
Carol van Reenen ◽  
Sylvie Pagès ◽  
Patrick Tailliez ◽  
Antoinette P. Malan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Symbiotic Bacterium ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Haemolytic Activity ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Photorhabdus Luminescens ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type

The bacterial symbiont AM7T, isolated from a novel entomopathogenic nematode species of the genus Heterorhabditis, displays the main phenotypic traits of the genus Photorhabdus and is highly pathogenic to Galleria mellonella. Phylogenetic analysis based on a multigene approach (16S rRNA, recA, gyrB, dnaN, gltX and infB) confirmed the classification of isolate AM7T within the species Photorhabdus luminescens and revealed its close relatedness to Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. caribbeanensis , P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii and P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis . The five concatenated protein-encoding sequences (4197 nt) of strain AM7T revealed 95.8, 95.4 and 94.9 % nucleotide identity to sequences of P. luminescens subsp. caribbeanensis HG29T, P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii FRG04T and P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis C8404T, respectively. These identity values are less than the threshold of 97 % proposed for classification within one of the existing subspecies of P. luminescens . Unlike other strains described for P. luminescens , strain AM7T produces acid from adonitol, sorbitol and xylitol, assimilates xylitol and has no lipase activity on medium containing Tween 20 or 60. Strain AM7T is differentiated from P. luminescens subsp. caribbeanensis by the assimilation of N-acetylglucosamine and the absence of haemolytic activity. Unlike P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii , strain AM7T does not assimilate mannitol, and it is distinguished from P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis by the assimilation of trehalose and citrate, the inability to produce indole from tryptophan and the presence of acetoin production and urease activity. Strain AM7T ( = ATCC BAA-2407T  = DSM 25462T) belongs to a novel subspecies, and is proposed as the type strain of Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. noenieputensis sp. nov.

Cellular reactions of the white grub larvae, Polyphylla adspersa, against entomopathogenic nematodes

Nematology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1047-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamileh Alvandi ◽  
Javad Karimi ◽  
Gary B. Dunphy
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
White Grub ◽  
Maximum Percentage ◽  
Steinernema Glaseri ◽  
Encapsulation Rate

The haemocyte reactions of the white grub larvae Polyphylla adspersa to entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), together with the host haemocyte types, have been studied. Six types of identified haemocytes included the prohaemocytes, granulocytes, plasmatocytes, oenocytoids, coagulocytes and spherulocytes. The granulocytes were the dominant (65.2%) haemocyte type followed by the plasmatocytes (22.1%). Both haemocyte types encapsulate EPN. White grub larvae and last larval stage of Galleria mellonella were individually infected with monoxenic Heterorhabditis bacteriophora or Steinernema glaseri. The maximum total haemocyte counts (THC) level of the white grub larvae against the nematode S. glaseri occurred at 12 h post-injection. In addition, by 8 h post-injection, the granulocyte and plasmatocyte levels decreased. The cell reactions of the grubs against H. bacteriophora in terms of THC and differential haemocyte counts and the encapsulation rate started earlier and were more pronounced than those against S. glaseri. The maximum percentage of the encapsulation observed in the white grub larvae against S. glaseri (27.3 ± 0.7%) and H. bacteriophora (36.5 ± 3.5%) occurred at 12 and 8 h post-injection, respectively. EPN-triggered encapsulation in P. adspersa larvae was more extensive than in G. mellonella larvae.

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