A British submarine expedition to the North Pole, 1976

Polar Record ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 18 (116) ◽  
pp. 487-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Wadhams
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Arctic Basin ◽  
North Pole ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Scientific Programme ◽  
Nuclear Submarine ◽  
The North ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Polar Research Institute ◽  
Research Institute

In October 1976 HM nuclear submarine Sovereign was sent into the Arctic Ocean on a voyage to the North Pole. This was the second Royal Naval submarine deployment in the Arctic Ocean, the first being the voyage of the Dreadnought in 1971. Sovereign was accompanied by HM submarine Narwhal as far as 80°N, and within the Arctic Basin the submarine's track was flown over by a Canadian Argus maritime patrol aircraft. The Scott Polar Research Institute carried out a scientific programme from both vessels, with Dr P. Wadhams aboard Sovereign and V. A. Squire aboard Narwhal.

scholarly journals Interpretation of Slar Imagery of Sea Ice in Nares Strait and the Arctic Ocean

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (73) ◽  
pp. 193-213
Author(s):  
Moira Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
North Pole ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Canadian Forces ◽  
Nares Strait ◽  
The North ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Ice Edge ◽  
Airborne Sensors

AbstractSLAR imagery of Nares Strait was obtained on three flights carried out in. January, March, and August of 1973 by Canadian Forces Maritime Proving and Evaluation Unit in an Argus aircraft equipped with a Motorola APS-94D SLAR; the March flight also covered two lines in the Arctic Ocean, from Alert 10 the North Pole and from the Pole down the long. 4ºE. meridian to the ice edge at about lat. 80º N. No observations on the ground were possible, but -some back-up was available on all flights from visual observations recorded in the air, and on the March flight from infrared line-scan and vertical photography.The interpretation of ice features from the SLAR imagery is discussed, and the conclusion reached that in spite of certain ambiguities the technique has great potential which will increase with improving resolution, Extent of coverage per distance flown and independence of light and cloud conditions make it unique among airborne sensors.

scholarly journals A new aeromagnetic survey of the North Pole and the Arctic Ocean north of Greenland and Ellesmere Island

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 829-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Matzka ◽  
Thorkild M. Rasmussen ◽  
Arne V. Olesen ◽  
Jens Emil Nielsen ◽  
Rene Forsberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Ellesmere Island ◽  
North Pole ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Aeromagnetic Survey ◽  
The North ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

scholarly journals Interpretation of Slar Imagery of Sea Ice in Nares Strait and the Arctic Ocean

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (73) ◽  
pp. 193-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moira Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
North Pole ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Canadian Forces ◽  
Nares Strait ◽  
The North ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Ice Edge ◽  
Airborne Sensors

Abstract SLAR imagery of Nares Strait was obtained on three flights carried out in. January, March, and August of 1973 by Canadian Forces Maritime Proving and Evaluation Unit in an Argus aircraft equipped with a Motorola APS-94D SLAR; the March flight also covered two lines in the Arctic Ocean, from Alert 10 the North Pole and from the Pole down the long. 4ºE. meridian to the ice edge at about lat. 80º N. No observations on the ground were possible, but -some back-up was available on all flights from visual observations recorded in the air, and on the March flight from infrared line-scan and vertical photography. The interpretation of ice features from the SLAR imagery is discussed, and the conclusion reached that in spite of certain ambiguities the technique has great potential which will increase with improving resolution, Extent of coverage per distance flown and independence of light and cloud conditions make it unique among airborne sensors.

The North Pole Seabed Nature Reserve as a Provisional Arrangement

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-133
Author(s):  
Olya Gayazova
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
North Pole ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Median Line ◽  
Outer Continental Shelf ◽  
The North ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Positive Direct

Abstract That the geographic North Pole is the Arctic Schelling point, is implicit in the Russian submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. I assess this premise vis-à-vis three other approaches to the outer continental shelf delimitation in the Arctic Ocean—the median-line method; a joint submission; and an international zone around the North Pole—and show that both the premise and the alternatives have limitations. Then I explain how an agreement between the Arctic Ocean states (the A5) to establish a seabed nature reserve north of 88°20´N and within 100 nm from the 2,500-meter isobath overcomes those limitations and what positive direct and indirect effects may come from it.

Thermal history of the Arctic Ocean environs adjacent to North America during the last 3.5 Ma and a possible mechanism for the cause of the cold events (major glaciations and permafrost events)

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart A. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Arctic Basin ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Cold Event ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Shrub Tundra ◽  
Cold Events

At 3.5 Ma, the Arctic Ocean was unfrozen, and only during the second Pliocene cold event (Californian - 3.0 Ma) did an extensive glaciation occur in Alaska-Yukon and Iceland. The sea froze during the third (Alaskan - 2.58 Ma) event as the western Arctic cooled rapidly. Baffin Island and Labrador were the centres of ice sheets, and ice-rafted debris appeared in the North Atlantic. Shrub-tundra replaced boreal forest in the west during the next warm episode but forested-shrubtundra persisted in north Greenland during the next (Wyoming - 2.2 Ma) cold event. During the last Pliocene (Montanan - 1.9 Ma) cold event, tundra surrounded the Arctic basin with widespread permafrost in unglaciated areas. Quaternary cold events were more frequent, with tundra persisting on land during warm episodes, although coastal seas usually thawed seasonally. There was a continuous cooling trend due to the demise of the Tethyan sea, but the 18O marine curve shows about 130 fluctuations compared with 14 major cold events on land. The cause of the terrestrial changes seems to be the interaction of many cyclical controls with different periodicities. When enough cycles are synchronized for air temperature to cross a critical threshold, a climatic change occurs. The critical thresholds are dependent on local environments and latitude.

scholarly journals A Submarine Sonar Study of Arctic Pack Ice

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (73) ◽  
pp. 349-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Williams Elizabeth ◽  
Swithinbank Charles ◽  
G.DE Q. Robin
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Beam Width ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
First Year ◽  
Nuclear Submarine ◽  
The North ◽  
Pack Ice ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Radio Echo Sounding ◽  
Level Ice

AbstractA continuous profile of the Arctic Ocean ice canopy from Spitsbergen to the North Pole was made with 48 kHz echo sounders mourned on a nuclear submarine. A semi-automatic digitizer was used to measure coordinates from the records at a frequency of about 1 000 points per linear kilometre of track. Methods derived for the reconstruction of subglacial relief from 35 MHz radio-echo sounding records were applied to eliminate part of the distortion due to the 20° beam width of the sounders. A corrected profile was used to obtain ice drafts at 2 m intervals. Data were analysed in 10 km sections and figures were summarized for each degree of latitude. The results include: mean ice draft, percentage of ice less than 0.3 m draft, and percentage of level ice. Histograms show the level ice drafts which occur most frequently, and these may indicate the ratio of first-year to older ice. The number of ice keels is listed together with their mean draft and draft distribution. Definitions are found to be of overriding importance in the comparison of data from different areas.

Corrigendum to “Dissolved oxygen extrema in the Arctic Ocean halocline from the North Pole to the Lincoln Sea”

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Kenison Falkner ◽  
Michael Steele ◽  
Rebecca A. Woodgate ◽  
James H. Swift ◽  
Knut Aagaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
North Pole ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

Frederick Cook's polar journey: a reconstruction

Polar Record ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 26 (158) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall J. Osczevski
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
North Pole ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Ice Conditions

AbstractThe data used by Dr Frederick A. Cook in support of his claim to have reached the North Pole on 21 April 1908 are reinterpreted to support a hypothesis that Cook did not reach the Pole, that his journey towards the Pole lasted only one week, and thathe subsequently discovered and visited Meighen Island. This reconstruction explains how Dr Cook could have made observations of ice conditions and drift, and of an ice island, without having travelled far out on the Arctic Ocean. A possible reason for his failure to announce discovery of Meighen Island is also offered.

Arctic Ocean Geopolitics Programme, Scott Polar Research Institute

Polar Record ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-383
Author(s):  
Paul Arthur Berkman
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
List Type ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
Polar Research Institute ◽  
Alternative Responses ◽  
Research Institute

The Arctic Ocean is crossing an environmental threshold from a permanently ice covered to seasonally ice free ocean during summer, with emerging geopolitical interactions of relevance to international peace and stability. In response, the Arctic Ocean Geopolitics Programme was initiated at the Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, in September 2008 with the following objectives: 1)to enhance cooperation in an international, interdisciplinary and inclusive manner among existing research teams that are focusing on Arctic Ocean geopolitics;2)to provide parliamentary, governmental, civil-society and industry audiences with objective analyses of environmental security issues and alternative responses in the Arctic Ocean; and3)to identify lessons from the Arctic Ocean regarding the governance dynamics of nation states and international spaces beyond national jurisdiction.

The Long Grass at the North Pole

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 210-227
Author(s):  
Andrew Serdy
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
North Pole ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The North ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

Though legally no more significant than any other point in the Arctic Ocean, into which State’s continental shelf the geographic North Pole will ultimately fall is politically charged for the three States involved – Canada, Denmark (Greenland) and Russia – that have submitted to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf outer limits within which the Pole falls. The 2014 Danish submission, for an area extending beyond the equidistance line with Canada, was in that sense paradoxically helpful to Canada, as Denmark, with the northernmost land territory, is by definition closest to the Pole, which must therefore lie on its side of any such line drawn between itself and any other State; thus Denmark gave cover to Canada which needed to take a similar approach to define its continental shelf entitlement as including the North Pole. Boundaries will eventually have to be delimited, but as it likely to be 20 years before the Commission examines the last of the submissions, the three States have ample pretext to postpone this step until then, a solution likely to suit them all.

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