The concept of a ‘case’ in psychiatric population surveys

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Wing ◽  
S. A. Mann ◽  
J. P. Leff ◽  
J. M. Nixon
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Ninth Edition ◽  
Patient Series ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
State Examination ◽  
Threshold Point

SYNOPSISA series of in-patients, a series of out-patients and a series of women from a general population sample, all aged under 65, and all living in the same area of south-east London, were examined using the ninth edition of the Present State Examination (PSE). An ‘index of definition’ (ID), based on number, type and severity of PSE symptoms, was constructed in order to define a threshold point above which sufficient information was available to allow classification into one of the functional psychoses or neuroses. The index specified 8 levels of definition of disorder; the threshold point for a ‘case’ lying between levels 4 and 5. The identification of ‘cases’ by this means in the general population series was highly concordant with global clinical judgement.When the 3 series were compared, the in-patient series contained the most definite cases, the out-patient series was intermediate, and the general population series was characterized mainly by below-threshold conditions.Disorders above the threshold point were classified using the CATEGO program. The clinical severity of the depressive disorders and anxiety states identified in this way in the 3 series was compared on the basis of symptom and syndrome profiles and PSE scores. As expected, the inpatients had the most severe, and the general population ‘cases’ the least severe disorders.It is suggested that the PSE-ID-CATEGO techniques can be used to help standardize certain aspects of case-finding and case-description in both referred and non-referred populations and thereby make the results of surveys more comparable.

Loss, humiliation and entrapment among women developing depression: a patient and non-patient comparison

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Brown ◽  
T. O. Harris ◽  
C. Hepworth
Keyword(s):  
National Health Service ◽  
General Population ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
General Population Sample ◽  
Women Patients ◽  
Small Subgroup ◽  
Patient Series

SynopsisThis paper is part of a series dealing with the role of life events in the onset of depressive disorders. Women who developed depression in a general population sample in Islington in North London are contrasted with a National Health Service-treated series of depressed patients in the same area. Findings among the latter confirm the importance of a severely threatening provoking event for onset among the majority of depressed women patients. The results for the two series are similar except for a small subgroup of patients characterized by a melancholic/psychotic condition with a prior episode.The severe events of importance have been recognized for some time by the traditional ratings of the Life Events and Difficulty Schedule (LEDS). However, the full descriptive material collected by the LEDS has been used to develop a new refined measure reflecting the likelihood of feelings of humiliation and being trapped following a severely threatening event, in addition to existing measures of loss or danger. The experience of humiliation and entrapment was important in provoking depression in both the patient and non-patient series. It proved to be associated with a far greater risk of depression than the experience of loss or danger without humiliation or entrapment.

A technique for studying psychiatric morbidity in in-patient and out-patient series and in general population samples

1977 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Wing
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Clinical Classification ◽  
Borderline Disorder ◽  
Patient Series ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
General Populations ◽  
State Examination ◽  
Do So

SynopsisMany surveys of general populations have suggested a high untreated psychiatric morbidity, variously referred to as mental illness, pre-clinical neurosis, minor neurosis, untreated depression, etc.An Index of Definition of psychiatric disorders is described which incorporates cut-off points on the basis of symptoms rated in the Present State Examination. Eight degrees of definition are specified. At the ‘borderline disorder’ level and above, disorders are sufficiently well defined to apply the CATEGO program of clinical classification. This procedure enables in-patients, out-patients and samples of the general population to be compared.Data from surveys in south-east London are presented in order to illustrate the technique. The main conclusion at this stage is that it is possible to identify, by strictly defined and repeatable procedures, a substantial proportion of people in the general population who have ‘borderline disorders’ that can be tentatively classified in terms of the ICD. Whether it is clinically useful to do so requires further investigation.It is also suggested that techniques of this kind can be scientifically useful in comparing the level of morbidity in various populations, both referred and non-referred, and in testing theories concerned with the causes and treatment of various types of psychiatric disorders.

Interplay between RGS2 and childhood adversities in predicting anxiety and depressive disorders: Findings from a general population sample

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1104-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Asselmann ◽  
Johannes Hertel ◽  
Carsten-Oliver Schmidt ◽  
Georg Homuth ◽  
Matthias Nauck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
General Population Sample ◽  
Childhood Adversities

Reliability of the PSE (ninth edition) used in a population study

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Wing ◽  
J. M. Nixon ◽  
S. A. Mann ◽  
J. P. Leff
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Clinical Condition ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Standard Technique ◽  
High Reproducibility ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Ninth Edition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
State Examination

SynopsisA random sample of 237 women in a south-east London area were seen by non-medical interviewers, trained to use a standard technique (the Present State Examination) to elicit and record psychiatric symptoms. Ninety-five were interviewed a second time by psychiatrists, who also rated audiotape recordings. The reproducibility of the techniques is adequate though not as high, in some respects, as that obtained from out-patient or in-patient samples. This is true at the level of symptom, syndrome, total score, and index of definition of psychiatric disorder. It is concluded that nonmedical interviewers can obtain as high reproducibility as psychiatrists on most of the non-psychotic sections of the PSE if they have appropriate training. Repeatability is lower than reproducibility, partly due to fluctuations in clinical condition, partly to environmental changes between interviews, and partly to differential responses to medical and non-medical interviewers. Over a short period of time, such as a week, repeatability is satisfactory.

Scoring System for Haemorrhoidal Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Maria Romano ◽  
Guido Sciaudone ◽  
Silvestro Canonico ◽  
Francesco Selvaggi ◽  
Gianluca Pellino
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Hemorrhoidal Disease ◽  
Single System ◽  
Haemorrhoidal Disease ◽  
Definition Of

: Hemorrhoidal Disease (HD) is widely diffused throughout the general population. The system of classification currently used to categorize this pathology is that of Goligher (1975). This system only defines the morphology of the most represented hemorrhoid bearing. Several attempts in literature have been made to replace this system, but as of yet, no single system has been universally accepted. Some studies, however, have succeeded in identifying specific characteristics, besides morphology, that would be able to aptly define HD. An analysis of this literature, with careful consideration of the scores that have previously been proposed, is necessary in order to deepen and stimulate discussion about a possible new definition of HD.

scholarly journals Developmental trajectories of autistic social traits in the general population

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Richard Pender ◽  
Pasco Fearon ◽  
Beate St Pourcain ◽  
Jon Heron ◽  
Will Mandy
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Growth Mixture Modelling ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Social Difficulties ◽  
Autism Trait

Abstract Background Autistic people show diverse trajectories of autistic traits over time, a phenomenon labelled ‘chronogeneity’. For example, some show a decrease in symptoms, whilst others experience an intensification of difficulties. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a dimensional condition, representing one end of a trait continuum that extends throughout the population. To date, no studies have investigated chronogeneity across the full range of autistic traits. We investigated the nature and clinical significance of autism trait chronogeneity in a large, general population sample. Methods Autistic social/communication traits (ASTs) were measured in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children using the Social and Communication Disorders Checklist (SCDC) at ages 7, 10, 13 and 16 (N = 9744). We used Growth Mixture Modelling (GMM) to identify groups defined by their AST trajectories. Measures of ASD diagnosis, sex, IQ and mental health (internalising and externalising) were used to investigate external validity of the derived trajectory groups. Results The selected GMM model identified four AST trajectory groups: (i) Persistent High (2.3% of sample), (ii) Persistent Low (83.5%), (iii) Increasing (7.3%) and (iv) Decreasing (6.9%) trajectories. The Increasing group, in which females were a slight majority (53.2%), showed dramatic increases in SCDC scores during adolescence, accompanied by escalating internalising and externalising difficulties. Two-thirds (63.6%) of the Decreasing group were male. Conclusions Clinicians should note that for some young people autism-trait-like social difficulties first emerge during adolescence accompanied by problems with mood, anxiety, conduct and attention. A converse, majority-male group shows decreasing social difficulties during adolescence.

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