IGF-I levels are predictive for the incidence of depressive disorders in the general population: results from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)

Background: Given the physical and mental health consequences of tobacco use amongst individuals with mental illness, it was imperative to assess the burden of tobacco use in this population.Aim: This study examined the patterns and factors associated with tobacco use in individuals attending the outpatient unit.Setting: Cecilia Makiwane Hospital Mental Health Department in Eastern Cape province, South Africa.Methods: Lifetime (ever use) use and current use of any tobacco products were examined in a cross-sectional study of 390 individuals between March and June 2020. A logistic regression was fitted to determine the correlates of lifetime and current use of any tobacco products.Results: The rates of ever use and current use of tobacco products were 59.4% and 44.6%, respectively. Of the participants interviewed, lifetime tobacco use was more prevalent amongst individuals with schizophrenia (67.9%) and cannabis-induced disorders (97.3%) and lower in those with major depressive disorders (36.1%) and bipolar and related disorders (43.5%). Men were six times more likely to have ever used or currently use tobacco products in comparison to women. Also, those who had a salaried job or owned a business were over three times more likely to have ever used or currently use tobacco products compared with those receiving government social grants.Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco use in this study was significantly higher than the general population in the Eastern Cape. Therefore, smoking prevention and cessation interventions targeted at the general population should target this often neglected sub-population in the region.

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Interplay between RGS2 and childhood adversities in predicting anxiety and depressive disorders: Findings from a general population sample

Depression and Anxiety ◽

10.1002/da.22812 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 (11) ◽

pp. 1104-1113 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Eva Asselmann ◽

Johannes Hertel ◽

Carsten-Oliver Schmidt ◽

Georg Homuth ◽

Matthias Nauck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Population Sample ◽

General Population Sample ◽

Childhood Adversities

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The Moderating Effects of Coping Strategies on Major Depression in the General Population

The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/070674370204700207 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 167-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

JianLi Wang ◽

Scott B Pat ten

Keyword(s):

Major Depression ◽

General Population ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Life Stress ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Short Form ◽

Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽

Diagnostic Interview ◽

World Health ◽

Moderating Effects

Objectives: To evaluate the moderating effects of various coping strategies on the as sociation between stressors and the prevalence of major depression in the general population. Methods: Subjects from the Alberta buy- incomponent of the 1994 –1995 National Population Health Survey (NPHS) were included in the analysis ( n = 1039). Each subject was asked 8 questions about coping strategies that dealt with unexpected stress from family problems and personal crises. Major depression was measured using the World Health Organization's (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form (CIDI- SF) for major depression. The im pacts of coping strategies in relation to psychological stres sors on the prevalence of major depression were de ter mined by examining interactions between coping and life stress on major depression using logistic regression modelling. Results: No robust impact of coping strategies in relation to various categories of stress evaluated in the NPHS was observed. There was evidence that the use of “pray and seek religious help” and “talks to others about the situations” as coping strategies by women moderated the risk of major depression in the presence of financial stress and relation ship stress (with a partner). Using emotional expression as a coping strategy by women might de crease the risk of major depression in the presence of 1 or more re cent life events, personal stress, relationship stress (with a partner), and environmental stress. Conclusion: Different coping strategies may have a differential impact on the prevalence of major depression in specific circumstances. These findings may be important both to prevent and to treat depressive disorders.

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The concept of a ‘case’ in psychiatric population surveys

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291700014264 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 203-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 214

Author(s):

J. K. Wing ◽

S. A. Mann ◽

J. P. Leff ◽

J. M. Nixon

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Population Sample ◽

Clinical Severity ◽

Sufficient Information ◽

Ninth Edition ◽

Patient Series ◽

Definition Of ◽

State Examination ◽

Threshold Point

SYNOPSISA series of in-patients, a series of out-patients and a series of women from a general population sample, all aged under 65, and all living in the same area of south-east London, were examined using the ninth edition of the Present State Examination (PSE). An ‘index of definition’ (ID), based on number, type and severity of PSE symptoms, was constructed in order to define a threshold point above which sufficient information was available to allow classification into one of the functional psychoses or neuroses. The index specified 8 levels of definition of disorder; the threshold point for a ‘case’ lying between levels 4 and 5. The identification of ‘cases’ by this means in the general population series was highly concordant with global clinical judgement.When the 3 series were compared, the in-patient series contained the most definite cases, the out-patient series was intermediate, and the general population series was characterized mainly by below-threshold conditions.Disorders above the threshold point were classified using the CATEGO program. The clinical severity of the depressive disorders and anxiety states identified in this way in the 3 series was compared on the basis of symptom and syndrome profiles and PSE scores. As expected, the inpatients had the most severe, and the general population ‘cases’ the least severe disorders.It is suggested that the PSE-ID-CATEGO techniques can be used to help standardize certain aspects of case-finding and case-description in both referred and non-referred populations and thereby make the results of surveys more comparable.

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Loss, humiliation and entrapment among women developing depression: a patient and non-patient comparison

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s003329170002804x ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 7-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 253

Author(s):

G. W. Brown ◽

T. O. Harris ◽

C. Hepworth

Keyword(s):

National Health Service ◽

General Population ◽

Life Events ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Population Sample ◽

General Population Sample ◽

Women Patients ◽

Small Subgroup ◽

Patient Series

SynopsisThis paper is part of a series dealing with the role of life events in the onset of depressive disorders. Women who developed depression in a general population sample in Islington in North London are contrasted with a National Health Service-treated series of depressed patients in the same area. Findings among the latter confirm the importance of a severely threatening provoking event for onset among the majority of depressed women patients. The results for the two series are similar except for a small subgroup of patients characterized by a melancholic/psychotic condition with a prior episode.The severe events of importance have been recognized for some time by the traditional ratings of the Life Events and Difficulty Schedule (LEDS). However, the full descriptive material collected by the LEDS has been used to develop a new refined measure reflecting the likelihood of feelings of humiliation and being trapped following a severely threatening event, in addition to existing measures of loss or danger. The experience of humiliation and entrapment was important in provoking depression in both the patient and non-patient series. It proved to be associated with a far greater risk of depression than the experience of loss or danger without humiliation or entrapment.

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