Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys 21: a longitudinal study of National Adult Reading Test stability

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. MORRISON ◽  
V. SHARKEY ◽  
J. ALLARDYCE ◽  
R. C. KELLY ◽  
R. G. McCREADIE
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Reading Test ◽  
Stable Measure ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
National Adult Reading Test ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Background. The stability of the National Adult Reading Test (NART) as a measure of pre-morbid intelligence in schizophrenia has not yet been satisfactorily established despite the widespread use of the NART in schizophrenia research.Method. We examined NART stability in a diverse group of 45 schizophrenic patients in a prospective longitudinal study over 6·5–7·5 years.Results. The results showed that NART performance does not decline significantly with increasing duration of schizophrenic illness and that test–retest reliability, even over 6·5–7·5 years, is extremely high.Discussion. Our results provide the necessary evidence that the NART can be used as a stable measure of pre-morbid intelligence in schizophrenia.

Verbal fluency in patients with schizophrenia and affective psychoses and their first-degree relatives

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. GILVARRY ◽  
A. RUSSELL ◽  
P. JONES ◽  
P. SHAM ◽  
D. HEMSLEY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Reading Test ◽  
Neuropsychological Deficits ◽  
Neuropsychological Function ◽  
Verbal Fluency Test ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
Intellectual Deficit ◽  
National Adult Reading Test ◽  
Fluency Test

Background. Schizophrenic patients are known to have neuropsychological deficits including impaired verbal fluency, but it is not clear whether this latter deficit is: (a) a consequence of overall intellectual deficit; (b) shared with affective psychotic patients; or (c) shared by the relatives of schizophrenic patients; and (d) shared by the relatives of affective psychotic patients.Methods. We administered Thurstone's Verbal Fluency Test to 45 schizophrenic patients and 72 of their relatives, and 30 affective psychotic patients and 53 of their relatives. Subjects were asked to generate as many words as possible beginning with the letters ‘C’ and ‘S’ and the total was taken as the dependent variable. Subjects also completed the National Adult Reading Test (NART) to provide a measure of (pre-morbid) IQ.Results. Schizophrenic patients generated significantly fewer words than affective psychotic patients, however adjusting for NART this became non-significant. Schizophrenic (but not affective psychotic) patients generated significantly fewer words than their relatives; again adjusting for NART this became non-significant. Patients who had been exposed to obstetric complications (OC+) and those who had not (OC−) had similarly poor verbal fluency scores. Relatives of OC+ schizophrenic patients had superior verbal fluency than relatives of OC− schizophrenic patients and this remained significant after adjustment for NART.Conclusions. The results suggest that some families transmit impairment in verbal fluency as part of a pattern of lower overall IQ. However, in other families, relatives show largely normal neuropsychological function, and the poorer verbal performance of the schizophrenic member appears to have arisen secondary to his/her exposure to OCs.

Nithsdale schizophrenia surveys 21: A longitudinal study of national adult reading test stability

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
G. Morrison ◽  
V. Sharkey ◽  
J. Allardyce ◽  
R.C. Kelly ◽  
R.G. McCreadie
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Reading Test ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
National Adult Reading Test

A longitudinal study of reading ability in patients suffering from dementia

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 517-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Paque ◽  
Elizabeth K. Warrington
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Intellectual Functioning ◽  
Reading Test ◽  
Verbal Iq ◽  
Adult Reading ◽  
National Adult Reading Test ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate whether reading is a preserved ability in patients suffering from dementia, as was first suggested by Nelson and McKenna (1975). The 57 patients included in the study had possible or probable Alzheimer's disease or similar degenerative conditions and were assessed longitudinally. Their performance on the National Adult Reading Test [(NART); Nelson, 1982, 1991] is compared to that on a shortened version of the WAIS-R. It is found that although performance on the NART does decline gradually over time, the deterioration on formal tests of IQ is more rapid and more severe. It seems that the decline in reading across the group is due to those patients who have a lower verbal IQ (VIQ) than performance IQ (PIQ). It is concluded that generally the NART can be used as a predictor of the premorbid intellectual functioning of a patient with dementia, given that the VIQ is greater than PIQ. (JINS, 1995, 1, 517–524.)

scholarly journals Cortisol awakening response and subsequent depression: prospective longitudinal study

2014 ◽  
Vol 204 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Carnegie ◽  
Ricardo Araya ◽  
Yoav Ben-Shlomo ◽  
Vivette Glover ◽  
Thomas G. O'Connor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Cortisol Awakening Response ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Stable Measure ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

BackgroundSome studies have found an association between elevated cortisol and subsequent depression, but findings are inconsistent. The cortisol awakening response may be a more stable measure of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal function and potentially of stress reactivity.AimsTo investigate whether salivary cortisol, particularly the cortisol awakening response, is associated with subsequent depression in a large population cohort.MethodYoung people (aged 15 years,n= 841) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) collected salivary cortisol at four time points for 3 school days. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios for developing depression meeting ICD-10 criteria at 18 years.ResultsWe found no evidence for an association between salivary cortisol and subsequent depression. Odds ratios for the cortisol awakening response were 1.24 per standard deviation (95% CI 0.93–1.66,P= 0.14) before and 1.12 (95% CI 0.73–1.72,P= 0.61) after adjustment for confounding factors. There was no evidence that the other cortisol measures, including cortisol at each time point, diurnal drop and area under the curve, were associated with subsequent depression.ConclusionsOur findings do not support the hypothesis that elevated salivary cortisol increases the short-term risk of subsequent depressive illness. The results suggest that if an association does exist, it is small and unlikely to be of clinical significance.

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