Nitro Compounds in Foreign Species ofAstragalus

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Single Species ◽  
Nitro Compounds ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
World Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Aliphatic Nitro Compounds ◽  
Nitropropionic Acid ◽  
Foreign Species ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Leaflets of 1690 species of Old World and South AmericanAstragaluscollected from herbaria at Kew, England; Edinburgh, Scotland; Munich, Germany; and Vienna, Austria were analyzed qualitatively for toxic aliphatic nitro compounds. The catabolites of nitro compounds found in species ofAstragalus(nitro-bearing), 3-nitro-1-propanol and 3-nitropropionic acid, are especially toxic to cattle and sheep. A total of 190 of 1624 (12%) Old World species, 30 of66(45%) South American species, and a single species of oneAstragalussubgenus were positive for nitro compounds. Most Old World species that contained aliphatic nitro compounds were collected in the Middle East and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Nitro compounds were detected in specimens of eight species collected between 1822 and 1836. The nitro-bearing species were chemotaxonomically related and grouped within taxonomic sections. The presence of two or three nitro-bearing species within a section indicated that other species within the same section might also be nitro-bearing.

3-Nitropropionic acid and 3-nitro-1-propanol in species of Astragalus

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1956-1963 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Nitro Compounds ◽  
International Exchange ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
Nitropropionic Acid ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
3 Nitropropionic Acid

Leaves of nitro-bearing species of Astragalus collected from North American and European herbaria were analyzed for types of toxic aliphatic nitro compounds. The nitro compounds were extracted and hydrolized to 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) or 3-nitro-1-propanol (3-NPOH) and identified by thin-layer chromatography. Species of Astragalus were chemotaxonomically related within taxonomic sections relative to synthesis of 3-NPA or 3-NPOH. All species of Astragalus in 19 Old World and 21 North American taxonomic sections synthesized nitro compounds that yielded 3-NPA upon hydrolysis while 3-NPOH was found upon hydrolysis in species of 5 Old World and 10 North American taxonomic sections. Therefore, one could predict the presence of 3-NPA or 3-NPOH in species within entire taxonomic sections based on the analysis of one or two species within a section. South American species yielded predominately 3-NPOH. These data are useful for taxonomic classification of Astragalus, for preventing international exchange of germplasm of poisonous species of Astragalus, and for diagnostic purposes in livestock poisoning.

Toxicological investigations on Astragalus hamosus and Astragalus sesameus

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (103) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Williams
Keyword(s):  
Nitro Compounds ◽  
Aliphatic Nitro Compounds ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
Nitropropionic Acid ◽  
3 Nitropropionic Acid

Astragalus hamosus L. and Astragalus sesameus L. were examined for the presence and type of aliphatic nitro compounds and for their toxicity to 1 -week-old chicks. A. hamosus leaves assayed 10 to 11 mg of NO2 g-1 in compounds that yielded 3-nitropropionic acid upon hydrolysis. Water extracts of A. hamosus leaves were toxic to chicks at the equivalent of 3 g of dried plant per chick, and lethal at 6 to 8 g. A. sesameus did not contain nitro compounds and was non-toxic to chicks.

scholarly journals High susceptibility, viral dynamics and persistence of South American Zika virus in New World monkey species

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Berry ◽  
Deborah Ferguson ◽  
Claire Ham ◽  
Jo Hall ◽  
Adrian Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
New World ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
South American ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Common Marmosets ◽  
World Species ◽  
Old World

Abstract South American Zika virus (ZIKV) recently emerged as a novel human pathogen, linked with neurological disorders. However, comparative ZIKV infectivity studies in New World primates are lacking. Two members of the Callitrichidae family, common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus), were highly susceptible to sub-cutaneous challenge with the Puerto Rico-origin ZIKVPRVABC59 strain. Both exhibited rapid, high, acute viraemia with early neuroinvasion (3 days) in peripheral and central nervous tissue. ZIKV RNA levels in blood and tissues were significantly higher in New World hosts compared to Old World species (Macaca mulatta, Macaca fascicularis). Tamarins and rhesus macaques exhibited loss of zonal occludens-1 (ZO-1) staining, indicative of a compromised blood-brain barrier 3 days post-ZIKV exposure. Early, widespread dissemination across multiple anatomical sites distant to the inoculation site preceded extensive ZIKV persistence after 100 days in New and Old World lineages, especially lymphoid, neurological and reproductive sites. Prolonged persistence in brain tissue has implications for otherwise resolved human ZIKV infection. High susceptibility of distinct New World species underscores possible establishment of ZIKV sylvatic cycles in primates indigenous to ZIKV endemic regions. Tamarins and marmosets represent viable New World models for ZIKV pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention studies, including vaccines, with contemporary strains.

Taxonomic Revision of Passiflora Subgenus Tetrapathea Including the Monotypic Genera Hollrungia and Tetrapathea (Passifloraceae), and a New Species of Passiflora

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn E. Krosnick ◽  
Andrew J. Ford ◽  
John V. Freudenstein
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Single Species ◽  
World Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
A New Species

Recent phylogenetic analysis of the Old World species of Passiflora has indicated that two monotypic genera in the Passifloraceae, Hollrungia and Tetrapathea, are strongly supported as belonging to the genus Passiflora. Additionally, a new species from Australia was found to belong to the same clade as Hollrungia and Tetrapathea. Consequently, a taxonomic revision is presented here of Passiflora subgenus Tetrapathea including these three taxa. Tetrapathea tetrandra, the type of Passiflora subgenus Tetrapathea and historically recognized as both T. tetrandra and P. tetrandra, is formally accepted here as P. tetrandra. The single species of Hollrungia, H. aurantioides, is transferred to Passiflora subgenus Tetrapathea as P. aurantioides. The new and so far unnamed species in Passiflora subgenus Tetrapathea from Australia is also described as P. kuranda sp. nov.

An illustrated catalogue of the South American species of the cyphophthalmid family Neogoveidae (Arthropoda, Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi) with a report on 37 undescribed species

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1509 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIGIA BENAVIDES ◽  
GONZALO GIRIBET
Keyword(s):  
Trinidad And Tobago ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
South American ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
The South ◽  
South American Species

We provide an illustrated catalog of the cyphophthalmid diversity of the Neotropics, including photographs of the holotypes and paratypes (when available) for all but one described South American Neogoveidae. These include the single species of Huitaca, two of the three Metagovea species, the four Neogovea species and ? Gen. enigmaticus. Furthermore we provide collecting data for 37 undescribed species of south American Neogoveidae, including Huitaca (8 spp.), Neogovea (12 spp.) and Metagovea (17 spp.). Distributional data of the species of Neogoveidae add the first records for French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. Colombia shows the largest diversity of Cyphophthalmi among South American countries, perhaps due to the large amount of ecosystems found in this country, but this could also reflect sampling effort.

Some Species of Polygrammodes Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

1958 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 257-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Munroe
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Structural Variation ◽  
New World ◽  
Single Species ◽  
World Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Paper ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae

The notes and descriptions that follow arise from material submitted for identification from various sources over the past few years. Doubtless much still remains to be discovered in this genus, and a general revision would be premature at this time. The number of striking new species is surprising: every new collection seems to yield one or two more. Despite the great superficial variation in the genus, the genitalia are very uniform. The main structural variation externally is in the mouth-parts, the labial palpi varying considerably in length and the tongue tending towards obsolescence in many species. There seems to be considerable variation in development of the tongue even in single species, and I doubt if this can form the basis of subdivision of the genus. Most or all of the old-world species and some new-world ones have been wrongly referred to this genus; however, I shall leave the disposition of these extraneous elements to a future paper.

scholarly journals Species recognition in the genus Scolothrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), predators of leaf-feeding mites

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2797 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURENCE A. MOUND
Keyword(s):  
Canary Islands ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Single Species ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Type Material ◽  
World Species ◽  
Old World ◽  
New Synonyms ◽  
Nomina Dubia ◽  
First Time

Species of the genus Scolothrips are re-assessed based on examination of type material together with many other specimens, and a key is provided to identify the 14 species recognised. The possibility is discussed that the three North American species, hoodi, pallidus and sexmaculatus are colour variants of a single species. Three apparently Old World species, dilongicornis, longicornis and takahashii, cannot be distinguished satisfactorily. Three new synonyms are established: quadrinotata is a synonym of asura; hartwigi is a synonym of brevipilis; priesneri is a synonym of takahashii. Two species from the Canary Islands are considered nomina dubia: quadrimaculatus and lanzarotensis. Two species are here recorded for the first time from Australia, latipennis and rhagebianus, and Australian records of sexmaculatus are considered to be based on misidentifications.

METABOLISM OF ALIPHATIC NITRO COMPOUNDS IN BOVINE RUMEN FLUID

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. MAJAK ◽  
L. J. CLARK
Keyword(s):  
Nitro Compound ◽  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitro Compounds ◽  
Aliphatic Nitro Compounds ◽  
Bovine Rumen ◽  
Nitropropionic Acid ◽  
3 Nitropropionic Acid

Metabolic studies with rumen fluid were conducted to determine rates of disappearance for 3-nitropropanol (3NPOH) and 3-nitropropionic acid (NPA), forage constituents which can be toxic to ruminants and non-ruminants. The in vitro rate of disappearance for NPA was substantially greater (P < 0.01) than for 3NPOH. The nitro compounds were metabolized most effectively when the inoculum originated from cattle fed orchardgrass soilage as compared with orchardgrass hay, alfalfa soilage or alfalfa hay. The in vivo ruminai clearance rate was substantially greater (P < 0.05) for 3NPHO than for 2-nitropropanol, a nitro compound which was not metabolized in vitro and this would be predicted if metabolism in the rumen contributed to the rate of 3NPOH disappearance.

Cnidochloa: A New Genus of Grasses from Brazil (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-194
Author(s):  
Fernando O. Zuloaga ◽  
Sandra S. Aliscioni ◽  
M. Amalia Scataglini
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Molecular Characters

Generic boundaries of the South American species Panicum longipedicellatum Swallen are explored and compared with allied genera of the tribe Paniceae. On the basis of morphological, anatomical, and molecular characters a new genus, Cnidochloa Zuloaga, is proposed. The phylogenetic position of the new genus within the Paniceae is evaluated.

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