Smelting Copper Ore from Rudna Glava, Yugoslavia

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 459-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Tylecote ◽  
P. T. Craddock
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
Copper Mine ◽  
Iron Mine ◽  
Chalcolithic Period ◽  
Copper Ores

Jovanovič has recently drawn attention to the early copper mine at Rudna Glava in the copper mining area of Maidanpek-Bor in Eastern Serbia (Jovanovič 1979, 103). This copper deposit has iron associated with it. In some respects this occurrence of iron and copper together compares with the deposit at Phalabora in South Africa where copper and other minerals are mined today. Rudna Glava has been a copper mine in the Chalcolithic period and an iron mine in the Turkish period. Today it is worked out, but the working of the iron ore has left exposed some of the shafts and galleries used by Chalcolithic and Bronze Age copper miners. It has been possible to obtain a sample of the copper ores used in the early periods and integrate them into a smelting programme (Tylecote et al. 1977, 305), the main purpose of which has been to determine the partitioning of the three elements between the ore, the slag and the metal. The object of this exercise was to try and relate the artefacts, the slag, and metal to the ore source. So far, ores from the British Isles, Spain, and Africa have been examined and reported (Tylecote 1977). The sample from Yugoslavia came rather too late for the first report but the work is continuing.The smelting work described in this report was carried out by Ali Ghaznavi and the analyses were kindly made by R. Hetherington formerly of Newcastle University and Dr P. T. Craddock of the British Museum Research Laboratory. I have to thank Dr B. Jovanovič of the Archaeological Institute, Belgrade, for supplying the material and inspiring the work.

INVESTIGATION OF LEAVE LEVEL OF COPPER ORE OF ZHEZKAZGAN DEPOSIT

2018 ◽  
pp. 14-22
Author(s):  
N. Zhalgasuly ◽  
A. V. Kogut ◽  
A. A. Ismailova
Keyword(s):  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Secondary Development ◽  
Underground Leaching ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Sulphide Ore ◽  
Mineral Wealth ◽  
Annual Productivity ◽  
Technical And Economic Indicators ◽  
Copper Ores

In the conditions of the Zhezkazgan copper deposit, which is worked underground, the losses of ore in the left pillars fluctuate from 12 to  25 %, sometimes reaching 40%. During the development of the  Zhezkazgan deposit, tens of millions of tons of rich ore were left in  various kinds of losses. The annual increase in ore losses in various  parts, taking into account the increasing production, is  approximately equal to the annual productivity of the whole mine.  Also in the production process so far rich in content of the interlayer  copper ores of low power. Therefore, the search for the most  effective methods of mining lost, off-balance and waste ores is of  paramount importance. One of such methods is underground  leaching, which allows to carry out their secondary development and make maximum use of the mineral wealth. The aim of the research  was to experimentally study the leaching of oxidized, mixed and  sulphide copper ores of the old spent mines in the Zhezkazgan deposit using various solvents. The squeezing of oxide  and sulphide rudes was carried out in 2 stages, when the durability  of the experimental crests was 35 hours and the durable 294 hours.  The oxidant-sulphide ore is 20 mm high and can be cured at 50-80  % media, for 10 months. For the period of time, the chalcocin rudus  is derived from 30 to 50 % of media, and from 5 to 12 % of bernital  chalcopyrite, which results in the effectiveness of the subsequent  method of squeezing the effluent. The best dissolves are acidic acid  (5-10 g/l) and acidified sulphate oxide (5 g/l). Residual cystic acid  production and development of oxidant processes up to 1.6-3.2 t/t  for medium oxidized rudder and up to 2.54.1 t/t for chalcocin rudder, which acts as a catalyst for thawing technical and economic indicators.

Prehistoric Copper Mining on the Great Orme, Llandudno, Gwynedd

1994 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Dutton ◽  
Peter J. Fasham ◽  
D. A. Jenkins ◽  
A. E. Caseldine ◽  
S. Hamilton-Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Copper Mining ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
Copper Ores ◽  
The Bronze Age

The discovery of evidence to suggest that copper ore was exploited at the Great Orme on a considerable scale in prehistory is of great significance in our understanding of the development of metalworking technology in the British Isles.In the past, the apparent absence from the archaeological record of a contemporaneous native mineral source for the production of copper and copper alloy artefacts during the Bronze Age has led to the assumption that raw materials, as well as metal technology, were imported from abroad. Alternatively, whilst accepting that local resources could have been exploited, it was assumed that these would have been obliterated by the mining operations of later centuries.There are now several sites on the British mainland and in Ireland which have been identified and dated as having been exploited for copper ores during the Bronze Age, of which a number, as on the Great Orme, had since seen intensive working during the 18th and 19th centuries AD. AS yet, much of the evidence has come essentially from surface excavations, but at the Great Orme surface excavation combined with underground exploration has revealed a system of workings of truly remarkable size. A series of 10 radiocarbon dates has been obtained from within the mine complex, indicating that working was carried out for over a thousand years spanning the Early to Late Bronze Age.The true extent of the surviving prehistoric workings is yet to be realized but present evidence indicates mining activity covering an area in excess of 24,000 square metres, incorporating passages totalling upwards of 5 km, penetrating to a vertical depth of 70 m.Much of the archaeological evidence contained within this report has been gained from detailed excavation carried out within surface workings, which in their own right constitute a sizeable part of the prehistoric mine. From the surface area presently exposed it is conservatively estimated that 40,000 cubic metres of material was removed during the Bronze Age. Much of the early technology represented within the surface workings reflects the technology employed in the deep workings, with the additional evidence of ancillary operations which would seem to relate solely to surface locations.Whilst the excavations reported in this paper relate to surface, or near surface, workings, they must be seen in the context of a labyrinthine complex of prehistoric workings recorded at depths of over yom (Jenkins & Lewis 1991; Lewis 1994). These deep workings are the subject of parallel studies to be reported elsewhere. The known underground and surface prehistoric workings are on a scale so far unparallelled in Britain and are of international significance. Elsewhere in Europe there is evidence for the mining of copper ores at Ai Bunar in Bulgaria dated to 5840 BC (Cernych 1978) and at Rudna Glava in former Yugoslavia dated to 4715 BC (Jovanovic 1979). Evidence for subsequent copper mining has been dated to 3785 BC in southern Spain (Rio Tinto area: Rothenburg & Blanco Freijeiro 1980) and to 3330 BC in Austria (Mitterberg; Pittioni 1951), marking an apparent development and extension westwards and northwards of copper technology. More recently, the dating of two sites in the south of France to around 3330 BC, at Cabrieres (Ambert et al. 1990) and Bouche Payrol, near Brusque (Barge 1985), has confirmed another area of Bronze Age working.

scholarly journals Issues of The Usability of Copper Ore (Chalcopyrite) From Bălan for Ustensiles Production in The Bronze Age

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
László Márton ◽  
János Talpas ◽  
Enikő Bitay
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
Ore Deposit ◽  
Copper Ores ◽  
The Bronze Age

Abstract Archaeological publications connect the raw material used for the production of copper and bronze artifacts discovered during the excavations carried on in Szeklerland to the use of the chalcopyrite from the Bălan copper ore deposit. So far, this assumption has not been confirmed by concrete evidence. Men of the Bronze Age can’t possibly have had knowledge of the metallurgy of sulphide-type copper ores such as chalcopyrite. Applying investigations based on spectroscopy, the Bronze Age use of chalcopyrite from Bălan could be either confirmed or refuted, the new data throwing more light on the provenance of the bronze artifacts discovered in the Szeklerland.

Bulgarmaden: Thoughts about iron, Bolkardağ and the Taurus mountains

Iraq ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 183-191
Author(s):  
K. Aslihan Yener
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Taurus Mountains ◽  
Chalcolithic Period ◽  
Tell Kurdu

It has long been suspected that the use of iron predated the so-called meteoric and smelted iron of the later stages of prehistory. Certainly small objects of iron such as awls and pins are found from the Chalcolithic period onwards and the rightly famous iron swords from Alaca Höyük demonstrate skills in making larger weapons in the Early Bronze Age. I document the use of iron ore for hammers and maces at Early Bronze Age sites in the Taurus Mountains and early Chalcolithic Tell Kurdu in the Amuq valley. This intensive understanding of materials and their properties led, millennia later, to the ability to smelt terrestrial iron.

Production of Free Radicals Arising from the Surface Activity of Minerals and Oxygen. Part I. Iron Mine Ores

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1061-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Costa ◽  
Joelle Guignard ◽  
Roger Zalma ◽  
Henri Pezerat
Keyword(s):  
Surface Activity ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Radical Oxygen Species ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Surface Sites ◽  
Iron Mine ◽  
Mineral Dusts ◽  
Trapping Agent ◽  
Excess Incidence

The excess incidence of lung cancers observed in many metal mines probably is not only correlated with radioactivity but also with the inhaled dusts. In an attempt to determine a possible mechanism of carcinogenicity related to the surface activity of dusts, using the spin-trapping agent and ESR spectroscopy, one can demonstrate that some mineral dusts from iron ore mines are very active in an oxidative process in aqueous medium, implying the formation of radical oxygen species on reducing surface sites of the solid. This reducing surface activity of the dusts depends on the presence of Fe2+ ion in the lattice and on the process of activation and passivation of the surface sites. The more simple process of activation is the dissolution of the oxidized coating on the particle surface. Among the oxides, oxyhydroxides, carbonates, and silicates, the magnesium-iron phyllosilicates (chlorite, biotite, berthierine) appear the most active. The siderite FeCO3 is also active, but the iron oxides and oxyhydroxides are generally nonactive.

Biologically induced iron ore at Gunma iron mine, Japan

1999 ◽  
Vol 84 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 171-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junji Akai ◽  
Kurumi Akai ◽  
Makoto Ito ◽  
Satoshi Nakano ◽  
Yonosuke Maki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Iron Mine

A gold diadem from Aegina

1987 ◽  
Vol 107 ◽  
pp. 182-182
Author(s):  
Reynold Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
British Museum ◽  
The South ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Middle Helladic ◽  
Dead Man ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Grave Goods

A recent discovery on the island of Aegina by Professor H. Walter (University of Salzburg) throws a new light on the origins of the so-called Aegina Treasure in the British Museum.In 1982 the Austrians were excavating the Bronze Age settlement on Cape Kolonna, to the north-west of Aegina town. Immediately to the east of the ruined Temple of Apollo, and close to the South Gate of the prehistoric Lower Town, they found an unrobbed shaft grave containing the burial of a warrior. The gravegoods (now exhibited in the splendid new Museum on the Kolonna site) included a bronze sword with a gold and ivory hilt, three bronze daggers, one with gold fittings, a bronze spear-head, arrowheads of obsidian, boar's tusks from a helmet, and fragments of a gold diadem (plate Va). The grave also contained Middle Minoan, Middle Cycladic, and Middle Helladic (Mattpainted) pottery. The pottery and the location of the grave in association with the ‘Ninth City’ combine to give a date for the burial of about 1700 BC; and the richness of the grave-goods would suggest that the dead man was a king.

scholarly journals New evidence for prehistoric copper metallurgy in the vicinity of Bor

Starinar ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 173-191
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Kapuran ◽  
Dragana Zivkovic ◽  
Nada Strbac
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Metallurgical Furnaces ◽  
Copper Metallurgy ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Bronze Age

The last three years of archaeological investigations at the site Ru`ana in Banjsko Polje, in the immediate vicinity of Bor, have provided new evidence regarding the role of non-ferrous metallurgy in the economy of the prehistoric communities of north-eastern Serbia. The remains of metallurgical furnaces and a large amount of metallic slags at two neighbouring sites in the mentioned settlement reveal that locations with many installations for the thermal processing of copper ore existed in the Bronze Age. We believe, judging by the finds of material culture, that metallurgical activities in this area also continued into the Iron Age and, possibly, into the 4th century AD.

scholarly journals ON THE HANDLES OF CERAMIC VESSELS OF THE EARLY BRONZE PRIMORSKY DAGESTAN (QUESTIONS OF TYPOLOGY AND CHRONOLOGY)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-114
Author(s):  
Arsen L. Budaychiev
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Ceramic Ware ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
The North ◽  
Ceramic Vessel ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Chalcolithic Period ◽  
Ceramic Vessels ◽  
Type 3

The main purpose of this article is a typological and chronological study of the handles of ceramic vessels originating from fairly well-studied sites of the Early Bronze Age of the Primorsky Lowland of Dagestan, including both settlements (Velikent II, Gemetyube I, II, Kabaz-Kutan I, II, Torpakh-kala), and and burial grounds (Velikent I (catacomb No. 8), II (catacomb No. 1), III (catacomb No. 1), Karabudakhkent II, Kayakent VI). The first handles in the North-Eastern Caucasus appeared on ceramic ware back in the Eneolithic era. During the early Bronze Age, handles became a characteristic part of ceramic dishes (bowls, containers, cups, vases) on the considered sites of Primorsky Dagestan. Functionally, they have a utilitarian, decorative, artistic and religious purpose. The handles are of four types, which are characteristic of certain forms of dishes: type 1 - horizontal tubular, type 2 - ribbon, type 3 - pseudo-handles, type 4 - hemispherical. The article provides a description of each type of pens, provides analogues on the sites of the Early Bronze Age both in the Northeast Caucasus and the adjacent regions of the Caucasus, including the territories of modern Iran, Turkey and Palestine and Israel, which were part of the distribution area of ​​the Kuro-Arak cultural and historical community ( including Khirbet-Kerak culture). The work identifies the most common and early, dating back to the Chalcolithic period, types of pens, discusses the issue of their chronology. This article is the first special work devoted to a typological and chronological analysis of ceramic vessel handles.

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