DAGESTAN PROFESSIONAL MUSICAL ART IN HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT: THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX - BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY

The article describes the patterns and features of the development of the musical art of Dagestan at different stages of its evolution over more than half a century of history. We have analyzed the components of the musical and professional tradition, giving a holistic view of it, versatile reflecting both the originality and originality, and historical variability. These include: genre-species differentiation and systemic connections, stylistics and means of musical expression.The multifaceted study and the possibility of interpreting the data obtained allows one to create an idea of ​​the ways of the formation and development of the musical art of Dagestan during the period under consideration. The initial premises of the study can be summarized as follows.The structure of musical art is formed on the basis of the interrelationships of composer's creativity, performing practice and various cultural interchanges that undergo stylistic and genre-specific changes.The second premise was the look at the musical art of Dagestan as an actual part of modern culture. Therefore, the main source has become various forms of broadcasting musical culture (listening practice and analytical observations at concerts of classical music).Reliance on contemporary musical material and direct observation of the musical process in the field of classical, pop and other spheres of culture presupposes the study of the phenomenon in a synchronic aspect. The presence of publications by different authors and our own research experience make it possible to a certain extent to make diachronic comparisons.The important regularities in the development of the Dagestan academic musical art identified by us can form the basis for further research of genre phenomena in different historical periods.

THE POTTERY ANT HOUSEWARE OF THE VOLNA 12 SETTLEMENT FROM EXCAVATIONS 2013-2015

The settlement of Volna 12 was excavated in 2013– 2015, on the Taman Peninsula. The settlement is located on the south-western coast of the Taman Peninsula, 5.8 km north-west of the outskirts of the Volna village and 1.8 km north of Cape Panagia. The period of the settlement's existence falls on the late 17th (possibly the beginning of the 18th) – early 19th centuries. The settlement with an area of ​​31 hectares has been fully explored, so we have the opportunity to work with its materials in full. The previously unpublished ceramic material of the settlement - dishes and ceramic household items – is considered in the article by groups and categories. Particular attention is paid to non-glazed ceramics, which for a long time remained outside the interests of researchers. The article considers such categories of ceramic vessels as Aquarius, jugs, bowls, household vessels, braziers. The settlement did not exist for a very long period of time (about 100– 150 years), therefore, chronological differences in the ceramic material cannot be found. Obviously, it mainly comes from one or several centres of the South-Eastern Crimea, but the question of the centre of production of these vessels remains unresolved.

Shapes of сups from the Saltovo-Mayaki culture of the Middle Don

The article deals with the analysis of cup’s shapes of the Don Alans and their neighbors. The study was based on 186 vessels from cemeteries Dmitrievka, Nizhnie Lubyanki, Yutanovka, Chervonaya Gusarovka, and Mayatski complex. The methodology is based on the historical-and-cultural approach to the study of the vessel's shape, developed by A. A. Bobrinsky and supplemented by his modern followers. The shapes of the cups were studied at three analysis levels. These are the study of general proportions, vessel’s structure, and parameters of vessel’s functional parts. The main result of this study is the identification of two traditions of сup shapes in the Middle Don. The first tradition is a relatively lower «body» and a relatively lower «shoulder/brachium». It is represented in cemeteries Nizhnie Lubyanki, Yutanovka, Chervonaya Gusarovka, and Mayatski complex. The second tradition is a relatively higher «body» and a relatively higher «shoulder/brachium». This tradition is only in Chervonaya Gusarovka. The article attempts a chronological analysis of identified traditions based on the materials of cemeteries Dmitrievkа and Chervonaya Gusarovka. The cups made with different violations of mass traditions are typical for both relatively earlier and relatively later stages of sites. Another picture was shown by the cups that strictly correspond to the mass tradition at all levels of analysis. Such vessels are most characteristic of the early stages of Dmitrievkа and Chervonaya Gusarovka cemeteries.

BURIALS OF THE EARLY BRONZE AGE IN MOUNTAIN REGIONS OF THE SOUTH-EAST OF AZERBAIJAN

The paper deals with the results of excavations carried out in recent years in the Early Bronze Age kurgans in the mountainous part of the south-eastern region of Azerbaijan. It has been determined that there are several types of burial customs of this period in these small kurgans located on the Komani plateau between Kurekchi and Arvana villages of Yardimly district, on the Azerbaijan - Iran border. Although the Early Bronze Age Telmankend kurgans were excavated in the foothills of the region in the 1960s, such monuments were not excavated or even registered in the highlands. at these grave monuments, which were first discovered by us in the summer pastures in 2014, archaeological excavations began in 2018, and four kurgans were excavated here. Komani kurgans, built at an altitude of 2000 m above sea level, are important in terms of studying the burial customs of the Early Bronze Age semi-nomadic cattle-breeding population. Excavations of Komani kurgans have revealed that the high mountainous area of the south-eastern region of Azerbaijan had been used by the cattle-breeding population since the Early Bronze Age, where they were engaged in seasonal farming and carried out their burials. The lack of grave goods during the burial is explained by their temporary residence in the summer pastures. Undoubtedly, the presence of short-term settlements of cattle-breeding tribes near the kurgans is no exception. Building of Early Bronze Age Komani kurgans in the afore-said area from the chronological viewpoint is distinguished due to their small size. As for the later stages of the Bronze Age, dozens of big kurgans can be found here. However, no archeological excavations have been carried out in any of them so far. Similar burial customs and materials of Komani kurgans are mostly found in the Early Bronze Age monuments of Nakhchivan. Similar burials can be found in other coeval grave monuments of Azerbaijan and in the north-eastern provinces of Iran.

Review of Абдулмажидов Р.С., Маламагомедов Д.М., Шехмагомедов М.Г. Мухаммадтахир ал-Карахи: жизнь и творческое наследие (исследование и тексты). Махачкала, 2021. – 224 с.: ил. ISBN 978-5-44-47-0075-4

The authors offer a review of a new study by a team of authors - Абдулмажидов Р.С., Маламагомедов Д.М., Шехмагомедов М.Г. "Мухаммадтахир ал-Карахи: жизнь и творческое наследие (исследова-ние и тексты)".

THE SITUATION OF THE MODERN INGUSH WOMAN

To date, there are no separate studies of the status of a modern Ingush woman, her position in society, etc. At the same time, there are paragraphs, fragments in the works of Ingush researchers, as well as a small number of articles published by Ingush scientists in Russian scientific journals and republican newspapers. This article attempts to partially fill this gap - to describe the place and role of women in modern Ingush society, which have undergone significant transformations due to objective reasons (the collapse of the USSR, the Ossetian-Ingush conflict, the formation of the Ingush Republic , the strengthening of religious sentiments of the population, globalization processes, etc.) In this work, we examined such topical issues as psychological and physical violence in the family, the reasons for this phenomenon in Ingush families; introduced new ethnographic information obtained by us during the research in 2018-2020. We concluded that the topic of violence is relevant not only for the Ingush region, but also for the country as a whole. The lowering of the status of the Ingush was not influenced by Islam, as many authors wrote about, but, rather, by an incorrect interpretation of the norms of religion. Today, women in Ingushetia are becoming more and more independent, as they have become economically independent. Despite this, traditional attitudes continue to play an important role in the life of the Ingush. This is evidenced by the fact that women prefer to marry as a second wife to an Ingush, rather than the first to a person of a different nationality.

NAIB OF IMAMAT AND ADVISOR OF SHAMIL HAJI YUSUF: BIOGRAPHY IN THE CONTEXT OF CRITICISM OF AUTOBIOGRAPHY

A Turkish citizen of Chechen origin, Haji Yusuf played a significant role in the formation of the administrative and military institutions of the Imamat, the construction of fortifications, in communications with officials of the Ottoman Empire; he is considered one of the important figures of the Shamil era, "the behind-the-scenes mind of the imam."Several studies of different times have been devoted to the fate of Haji Yusuf, but quite a lot of time has passed since their publication, new information has been revealed that make it possible to clarify the details of his life path and describe in more detail the biography of this remarkable personality. His scientific biography helps to raise the level of knowledge of the life of a particular person, to recreate the history of a person in connection with historical realities and social reality, to characterize time against the background of a person.For this, his autobiographical information was used, as well as an array of identified sources and materials, the analysis of which was made in comparison. The results obtained demonstrate the stages of the life of Haji Yusuf in chronological order: birth in the village. Aldy; the family moved to the Ottoman Empire, received an education there and then served in the army of the Egyptian Pasha (until 1834); return to the Caucasus, work as a home teacher for the Kabardian prince (1834 - 1839); desire to return to Turkey and departure to the Black Sea coast of Circassia (1839 - 1841); establishing contacts and moving to Imam Shamil (1841); activity in the service of the Imamat - naib, adviser, engineer (until 1854); exile for attempting to discredit the imam (1854 - 1856); flight to the Russians (1856). In addition, the study publishes the legacy of Haji Yusuf - maps and diagrams drawn by him to inform the officials of the Ottoman Empire about the Imamate.

NEW STONE RELIEFS-ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS OF THE 14th – 18th CENTURIES FROM KUBACHI WITH ORNAMENT AND ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS

The paper describes stone reliefs of the architectural decor of the 14th – 18th centuries with floral ornaments and Arabic inscriptions, discovered by the author in different years of the 20th – 21st centuries in the villages of Kubachi and Shiri, which are currently stored in museum collections. This paper is a continuation of a previous study of the stone reliefs from the village of Kubachi. The author provides the description of 20 reliefs, of which one (№ 12) is stored in the State Hermitage, seven others (№ 13–18, 20) – in the National Museum of the Republic of Dagestan (NMRD); eleven reliefs (№ 1–11) were revealed by us in Kubachi, and one relief (№19) – in the village of Shiri. The Kubachi reliefs are inserted in the structure of various residential or cult buildings (mosques) of the upper, middle and lower livings districts of the village. The reliefs had been obtained from the ruins of old buildings and installed into walls of new ones during their construction for decorative purpose. The integrity of the reliefs varies: some remained in a satisfactory condition, some have defects (break-offs, splits, etc.), others are incomplete, i.e. in fragments. Most of the reliefs considered in the article were drawn with estampage prints, which were then transferred to A1 paper sheets with the use of ink. The restoration of the broken-off details of the decoration of the reliefs № 7 and 16 was carried out by us. The Arabic inscriptions of some reliefs (№ 13–14), which are kept in the National Museum of the Republic of Dagestan, have not been translated into Russian due to the difficulty of reading or poor integrity. Many reliefs of the 14th – 18th centuries with floral ornaments and Arabic inscriptions, found in the masonry of the walls of some residential and religious buildings, especially the quarter mosque in the lowest part of Kubachi, are still not included in the article. The location of the reliefs in the upper parts (third floor) of buildings erected on a very steep slope makes it impossible to photograph them properly. The dating of some reliefs (№ 1–4, etc.) is preliminary. It can be further clarified on the basis of analogies after the publication of unpublished reliefs preserved in the village of Kubachi and those stored in museums – the State Hermitage and NMRD. Accurate dating of medieval art monuments in Kubachi without dates is one of the challenges in studying them. Description of the reliefs revealed in Kubachi is given in the order of recording them at different times and in different districts of the old part of the village.

TRADITIONAL DISHES IN THE FOOD SYSTEM OF AZERBAIJANES

The article is devoted to the traditional food system of Azerbaijanis. It examines the technology of cooking national dishes, the place of the latter in the daily diet and ritual meals of Azerbaijanis. It is noted that in modern Azerbaijan, some of the rules of traditional food culture, etiquette, in particular when receiving national dishes and drinks, are observed mainly in family life. Today, national dishes are still used in everyday and festive meals. In the Mil-Mugan and Shirvan regions of Azerbaijan, table prayers are read before and after breakfast, lunch and dinner. The rules of etiquette provide special care and attention to the guest, elder, head of the family, children. For lunch and dinner, kebab, kalafur, pilaf, dolma, bozartma, etc. are specially prepared for the guest. The same national dishes were served on the Mavlid Holiday (in honor of the birth of the Prophet Muhammad) in the Mil-Mugan and Shirvan regions of Azerbaijan. The beneficial, healing properties of food are used in traditional medicine. Attention is drawn to the specifics of solemn meals, depending on the purposes of the ceremonies (mourning, wedding (engagement), family celebrations and folk holidays), as well as to the composition of dishes, the subtleties of the technology of their preparation for a large number of people. An extensive assortment of everyday, festive and ceremonial dishes, the degree of perfection of the rules of preparation, the traditional rules of table etiquette confirm the richness of the food culture of Azerbaijanis.

ETHNOSOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF DEPOPULATION OF MOUNTAIN TERRITORIES: DAGESTAN AND NORTH OSSETIA

Unlike the transboundary regions of Mountain ecosystems in Europe (Alps) with high population density and the integration of the rural economy into the regional and World markets, most of the Mountainous regions of the Russian Federation are characterized by the stability of traditional forms of nature management and life support, which determine, on the one hand, natural (or "old") distinctiveness of the economy of rural enclaves and, on the other hand, the preservation of social institutions based on family and relative ties, the solidarity of fellow villagers, on the cohesion of the rural community and the viability of traditional culture and ethnic identification. Regarding the general trends and consequences of the migration of inhabitants of Mountainous regions of Dagestan and North Ossetia to the lowland, it can be concluded that the prospects of ethnocultural dynamics in these republics are determined not only by the factors of urbanization, the growth of the absolute number and proportion of the population of predominantly Russian-speaking lowland urban and rural settlements and by the functional stagnation of local languages, but also by the demographic depression, depopulation of Mountainous territories, the gradual disappearance of Mountain villages, which can be considered almost the only mono-ethnic enclaves and social environments that ensure the reproduction of ethnolinguistic and ethnocultural identity in generations. In this regard, the importance of regional and federal social policy courses aimed at sustainable socio-economic and environmental development of Mountainous territories, preserving their demographic potential and ethnocultural particularities is emphasized.