Bulgarmaden: Thoughts about iron, Bolkardağ and the Taurus mountains

Iraq ◽

10.1017/s0021088900000644 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 72 ◽

pp. 183-191

Author(s):

K. Aslihan Yener

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Iron Ore ◽

Early Bronze Age ◽

Taurus Mountains ◽

Chalcolithic Period ◽

Tell Kurdu

It has long been suspected that the use of iron predated the so-called meteoric and smelted iron of the later stages of prehistory. Certainly small objects of iron such as awls and pins are found from the Chalcolithic period onwards and the rightly famous iron swords from Alaca Höyük demonstrate skills in making larger weapons in the Early Bronze Age. I document the use of iron ore for hammers and maces at Early Bronze Age sites in the Taurus Mountains and early Chalcolithic Tell Kurdu in the Amuq valley. This intensive understanding of materials and their properties led, millennia later, to the ability to smelt terrestrial iron.

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ON THE HANDLES OF CERAMIC VESSELS OF THE EARLY BRONZE PRIMORSKY DAGESTAN (QUESTIONS OF TYPOLOGY AND CHRONOLOGY)

History Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus ◽

10.32653/ch17189-114 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 89-114

Author(s):

Arsen L. Budaychiev

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Ceramic Ware ◽

Distribution Area ◽

Early Bronze Age ◽

The North ◽

Ceramic Vessel ◽

North Eastern ◽

Chalcolithic Period ◽

Ceramic Vessels ◽

Type 3

The main purpose of this article is a typological and chronological study of the handles of ceramic vessels originating from fairly well-studied sites of the Early Bronze Age of the Primorsky Lowland of Dagestan, including both settlements (Velikent II, Gemetyube I, II, Kabaz-Kutan I, II, Torpakh-kala), and and burial grounds (Velikent I (catacomb No. 8), II (catacomb No. 1), III (catacomb No. 1), Karabudakhkent II, Kayakent VI). The first handles in the North-Eastern Caucasus appeared on ceramic ware back in the Eneolithic era. During the early Bronze Age, handles became a characteristic part of ceramic dishes (bowls, containers, cups, vases) on the considered sites of Primorsky Dagestan. Functionally, they have a utilitarian, decorative, artistic and religious purpose. The handles are of four types, which are characteristic of certain forms of dishes: type 1 - horizontal tubular, type 2 - ribbon, type 3 - pseudo-handles, type 4 - hemispherical. The article provides a description of each type of pens, provides analogues on the sites of the Early Bronze Age both in the Northeast Caucasus and the adjacent regions of the Caucasus, including the territories of modern Iran, Turkey and Palestine and Israel, which were part of the distribution area of the Kuro-Arak cultural and historical community ( including Khirbet-Kerak culture). The work identifies the most common and early, dating back to the Chalcolithic period, types of pens, discusses the issue of their chronology. This article is the first special work devoted to a typological and chronological analysis of ceramic vessel handles.

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Early Cultures of the South Anatolian Plateau, II

Anatolian Studies ◽

10.2307/3642494 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 199-236 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

James Mellaart

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Settlement Pattern ◽

Early Bronze Age ◽

The South ◽

Anatolian Plateau ◽

Late Chalcolithic ◽

Chalcolithic Period

The end of the Çatal Hüyük West culture is shrouded in mystery. Both Çatal and Kara Hüyük South were apparently deserted and never reoccupied and it is only at Can Hasan Hüyük east of Karaman that later deposits have been recognised overlying remains of the early Chalcolithic culture. Elsewhere the evidence lies buried in the cores of the numerous city mounds of the Early Bronze Age period. Late Chalcolithic remains are fairly common in the Konya Plain, but they were in nearly every case found on sites where no earlier or later remains were encountered. This might suggest a shift in the settlement pattern of the plain after the end of the Early Chalcolithic period (see map, Fig. 1).

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The Beginning of the Early Bronze Age in the North Jordan Valley: New14C Determinations from Pella in Jordan

Radiocarbon ◽

10.1017/s003382220003397x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 905-913 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Stephen Bourke ◽

Ugo Zoppi ◽

John Meadows ◽

Quan Hua ◽

Samantha Gibbins

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Bronze Age ◽

Early Bronze Age ◽

Jordan Valley ◽

Radiocarbon Dates ◽

The North ◽

Precursor Phase ◽

Chalcolithic Period ◽

Early Phases ◽

Ams Dates

This article reports on 10 new accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates from early phases of the Early Bronze Age at the long-lived settlement of Pella (modern Tabaqat Fahl) in the north Jordan Valley. The new AMS dates fall between 3400 and 2800 cal BC, and support a recent suggestion that all Chalcolithic period occupation had ceased by 3800/3700 cal BC at the latest (Bourke et al. 2004b). Other recently published Early Bronze Age14C data strongly supports this revisionist scenario, suggesting that the earliest phase of the Early Bronze Age (EBA I) occupied much of the 4th millennium cal BC (3800/3700 to 3100/3000 cal BC). As this EB I period in the Jordan Valley is generally viewed as the key precursor phase in the development of urbanism (Joffe 1993), this revisionist chronology has potentially radical significance for understanding both the nature and speed of the move from village settlement towards a complex urban lifeway.

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Smelting Copper Ore from Rudna Glava, Yugoslavia

Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society ◽

10.1017/s0079497x00008471 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 459-465 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. F. Tylecote ◽

P. T. Craddock

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Iron Ore ◽

Copper Deposit ◽

British Museum ◽

Mining Area ◽

Copper Ore ◽

Copper Mine ◽

Iron Mine ◽

Chalcolithic Period ◽

Copper Ores

Jovanovič has recently drawn attention to the early copper mine at Rudna Glava in the copper mining area of Maidanpek-Bor in Eastern Serbia (Jovanovič 1979, 103). This copper deposit has iron associated with it. In some respects this occurrence of iron and copper together compares with the deposit at Phalabora in South Africa where copper and other minerals are mined today. Rudna Glava has been a copper mine in the Chalcolithic period and an iron mine in the Turkish period. Today it is worked out, but the working of the iron ore has left exposed some of the shafts and galleries used by Chalcolithic and Bronze Age copper miners. It has been possible to obtain a sample of the copper ores used in the early periods and integrate them into a smelting programme (Tylecote et al. 1977, 305), the main purpose of which has been to determine the partitioning of the three elements between the ore, the slag and the metal. The object of this exercise was to try and relate the artefacts, the slag, and metal to the ore source. So far, ores from the British Isles, Spain, and Africa have been examined and reported (Tylecote 1977). The sample from Yugoslavia came rather too late for the first report but the work is continuing.The smelting work described in this report was carried out by Ali Ghaznavi and the analyses were kindly made by R. Hetherington formerly of Newcastle University and Dr P. T. Craddock of the British Museum Research Laboratory. I have to thank Dr B. Jovanovič of the Archaeological Institute, Belgrade, for supplying the material and inspiring the work.

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The Chalcolithic Radiocarbon Record and Its Use in Southern Levantine Archaeology

Radiocarbon ◽

10.1017/s0033822200038510 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 1223-1246 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Margie Burton ◽

Thomas E Levy

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Social Institutions ◽

Time Frame ◽

Fine Tuning ◽

Early Bronze Age ◽

Southern Levant ◽

Radiocarbon Dates ◽

Local Contexts ◽

Chalcolithic Period ◽

Chronological Sequence

Archaeological evidence suggests that the Chalcolithic period (5th–4th millennium BCE) in the southern Levant was a time of significant settlement expansion and increasing social complexity. Important technological and social developments during this era set the stage for the later rise of fortified sites and nascence of urbanization in the Early Bronze Age. Controversy surrounding the chronology of Chalcolithic settlement and the reconstruction of social trajectories has stimulated an interest in building a database of radiocarbon dates to measure the tempo of change and help resolve these issues. To facilitate social evolutionary research, this paper reviews and updates published 14C data for the southern Levantine Chalcolithic. The now-substantial database supports the generally accepted time frame for this archaeological period and allows synchronic comparisons across diverse geographic subregions in the southern Levant. In addition, it helps to temporally place the emergence of sophisticated technologies and the development of complex social institutions within the Chalcolithic period. However, radiometrically based attempts at pan-regional internal periodization of the Chalcolithic and fine-tuning of protohistoric events such as site establishment and abandonment are frustrated by the lack of precision in 14C dates, which limits their ability to resolve chronological sequence. Improved delineation of Chalcolithic social trajectories can be achieved most effectively by focussing research efforts on stratigraphic and typological investigations of deeply-stratified settlement sites such as Teleilat Ghassul and Shiqmim within their local contexts.

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The use of natural resources at Mentesh Tepe during the Late Chalcolithic period and the Early Bronze Age

10.4000/books.momeditions.12737 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 409-424

Author(s):

Laurence Astruc ◽

Antoine Courcier ◽

Bernard Gratuze ◽

Denis Guilbeau ◽

Moritz Jansen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Resources ◽

Bronze Age ◽

Early Bronze Age ◽

Late Chalcolithic ◽

Chalcolithic Period

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Palestinian Excavations

Antiquity ◽

10.1017/s0003598x00023383 ◽

1950 ◽

Vol 24 (96) ◽

pp. 196-199

Author(s):

Kathleen M. Kenyon

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Iron Age ◽

Large Scale ◽

Early Bronze Age ◽

Early Iron Age ◽

Hill Country ◽

Chalcolithic Period ◽

First Millennium

Recent years have seen the publication of some sumptuous reports of the large scale excavations conducted by American enterprise in the years before the war. The sites of Megiddo and Beth-Shan, which can confidently be referred to by their historical and biblical names, are of outstanding importance, dominating as they do the Plain of Esdraelon and the great road from Egypt to North Syria and Mesopotamia. The publications here considered are the latest (but not, it is hoped, the last) of a series dealing with different aspects of the excavations. Both sites have been partially sounded to bed-rock, and show continuous occupation from thc chalcolithic period to the end of the first millennium B.C., and Beth-Shan beyond it. Tell en-Nasbeh is in a different category. It is possibly to be identified with the Biblical Mizpah, but this is not universally accepted. Like many Palestinian hill-country sites, it was occupied in the Early Bronze Age (the ascription of some groups to the chalcolithic period is unsatisfactory). Its main occupation is, however, confined to the Early Iron Age, from the time of the undivided Israelite Kingdom down to the post-exilic, Hellenistic and Roman periods.

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Early Complexes of the Tract “First and Second Island” near the Village of Tanatovо

Herald of Omsk University. Series: Historical Studies ◽

10.24147/2312-1300.2020.7(4).131-139 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (4 (28)) ◽

pp. 131-139

Author(s):

Sergei F. Tataurov ◽

Irina V. Tolpeko

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

Iron Ore ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Stone Tools ◽

Early Bronze Age ◽

Late Neolithic ◽

High Quality ◽

The Impact ◽

The Village

As part of the study of the early stages of settlement of the Middle Irtysh region, the multilayered monuments of the tract “First and Second island” near the village of Tanatovо, Muromtsevsky district of Omsk region. Based on the study of ceramics and stone tools, complexes of the late Neolithic - early bronze age belonging to the artyn and Catherine cultures and the Stepanov type of monuments were identified. Specific features of stone processing are described for each stage. Artyn stone processing was characterized by high-quality raw materials and the technique of chipping plates. At the stage of Catherine's culture, the quality of raw materials significantly deteriorates, and the use of local raw materials (swamp iron ore) is noted. In stone processing, there is an increase in the share the technique of chipping flakes. At all stages, the tendency to minimize the impact of the shortage of stone raw materials is well recorded.

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