BARTOLUS OF SASSOFERRATO AND FREE CITIES

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 65-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Scale Analysis ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
History Of ◽  
Free People ◽  
The Middle Ages

Abstract‘Well are ye called the Free People.' – BagheeraBARTOLUS of Sassoferrato (1314–1357) is as famous to legal historians and specialists in the history of political ideas as he is unkown outside those areas of research. His obscurity is owed not to his mind but to his genre: the commentary on Justinian'sCorpus Iuris Civilis, and the occasional monograph of more systematic yet still legalistic lineaments. Of the thousands of lawyers who studied, taught and applied Roman law from its rediscovery in the late eleventh century to the end of the middle ages, there are perhaps three or four who command universal respect, some of whom we shall encounter in what follows. Only Bartolus radiates the nimbus of genius. In the realm of political ideas, he has – perversely, perhaps – best been served by Anglophone historiography, beginning with the classic study published in 1913 by C.N.S. Woolf, continuing by way of Walter Ullmann's numerous articles and most recently subjected to a full-scale analysis by Joseph Canning in his study of the ideas of Bartolus' most famous pupil, Baldus de Ubaldis (d. 1400).

Augustine's Doctrine of Witness and Attitudes toward the Jews in the Eleventh Century

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-304
Author(s):  
Michael Frassetto
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractThroughout the Middle Ages Augustine of Hippo's doctrine of witness shaped theological attitudes toward the Jews and moderated Christian behavior toward them. Despite the importance of this doctrine, Christian authors sometimes turned away from the doctrine to create a new theological image of the Jew that justified contemporary violence against them. The writings of Ademar of Chabannes (989-1034) demonstrate the temporary abandonment of Augustine's doctrine during a time of heightened apocalypticism and attacks on the Jews. Ademar's writings thus reveal an important moment in the history of relations between Christians and Jews in the Middle Ages.

Muslim institutions of learning in eleventh-century Baghdad

1961 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Makdisi
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
East Side ◽  
Exact Location ◽  
Muslim Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Middle Ages

The history of Baghdad in the second half of the eleventh century is dominated by the name of the great Saljūqid minister, Niẓām al-Mulk, a name linked to an extensive network of institutions founded by him throughout the lands of the eastern caliphate: the Niẓāmīya colleges. Most widely known among them was the college in Baghdad, founded in 457/1065 and inaugurated in 459/1067. The renown of the Niẓāmīya of Baghdad, both in medieval oriental sources as well as in studies undertaken by modern Oriental and Western scholars, is such that it is the first institution likely to come to the mind of a person familiar with the period's history. Whenever historians have put their efforts into the field of Muslim education in the Middle Ages, whether in a general or specialized way, they have seldom failed to mention the fame of the college. Efforts have been made to establish the list of its professors and the most famous among its students; approximations have been made as to the date of its disappearance; investigations have been pursued to determine its exact location on Baghdad's east side; causes of its decline have been proposed; a whole treatise and other learned articles have been devoted to the history of this college alone.

The Indispensability of the Single-Divine-Attribute Doctrine

1993 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-442
Author(s):  
Melissa Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Philosophy Of Religion ◽  
Ontological Argument ◽  
Back Seat ◽  
Divine Attribute ◽  
History Of ◽  
Famous Argument ◽  
The Middle Ages

The most elusive and perhaps famous argument in the history of the philosophy of religion was put forth in the eleventh century by St Anselm. Now known as the ontological argument, it is based on the idea that God is that being greater than which is inconceivable. Although historically debate focused on the issue of whether existence is a property, or a perfection, required in our concept of such a being, recently it has taken a back seat to the examination of the indisputable attributes a perfect being must exemplify if He exists. Traditionally such attributes include: omnipotence, omniscience, omnibenevolence, immutability and so forth. The first challenge to the accepted attributes was posed in the Middle Ages; it is the oldest and probably the best known paradox in the philosophy of religion: Can God create a stone so heavy that even He cannot lift it? Whatever the answer is, apparently He is not Almighty. A slightly different version of the omnipotence paradox was advanced in 1955 by J. L. Mackie who questioned whether an omnipotent being could ‘make things He cannot subsequently control’.Both versions are intended to show that the concept of omnipotence suffers from internal incoherence and is therefore inapplicable to any being.

II.—The Sources and Mediæval Versions of the Peace-Fable

PMLA ◽  
1907 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-55
Author(s):  
H. Carrington Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

Although the Middle Ages usually drew upon Classic tradition in the formation of their fable literature, they at times created new themes whose popularity equalled that of many older rivals. Of no small importance among such stories are those that deal with the false peace declared by a fox in order to deceive a seemingly simple-minded bird. The numerous versions of this fable that have come down to us since the middle of the eleventh century evidence strong interrelation, in spite of individual differences of character, scene, or action. The various forms become so well established by the beginning of the sixteenth century that a history of the fable is sufficiently complete if it comes down to the end of the Middle Ages. It is the object of this article to show what versions of the Peace-Fable existed before the sixteenth century, whence they arose, and what are their relations to one another. The following is a list of the mediaeval versions:—

scholarly journals Studying the History of the Slavic Stishnoy Prologue: New Opportunities and Prospects

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Shcheglova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Critical Edition ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Textual Criticism ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Important Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

In this review, the author analyses the Tarnovo Edition of the Stishnoy Prologue. Texts: Lexical Index (published by Bulgarian researchers Georgi Petkov and Maria Spasova) and focuses on the structure of the publication, providing a detailed description of the parts of each volume: prologue texts, prologue poems, the lexical index, and the index of saints’ names. The review evaluates the work from the point of view of its academic contribution. The reviewer largely agrees with the authors’ point of view on the history and the study of the Stishnoy Prologue set forth in the preface to the publication. While objecting to some points, the reviewer evaluates the work highly, considering it an important stage in the process of studying the history of the Stishnoy Prologue, one of the most widespread hagiographic calendar collections of the Middle Ages. The publication of the texts of the Stishnoy Prologue, even those in just the Tarnovo edition, can be a powerful catalyst for further textual criticism and linguistic studies of the numerous Russian, Serbian, and Bulgarian copies that have survived to the present day. Ultimately, the reviewed publication can become the basis for a full-scale critical edition of the Stishnoy Prologue. The review emphasises the timeless significance of this publication for Slavic studies, its innovative character, its structural integrity, its theoretical sophistication, and the enormous practical importance of the work for Bulgarian philologists.

scholarly journals Greckie wpływy na powstanie Ustawy XII Tablic : (na marginesie glosy Accursiusa do D. 1,2,2,4)

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Witold Wołodkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Roman Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Total Lack ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Middle Ages

The problem of Greek influence on the creation and the content of the Twelve Tables appeared several times in Roman lawyers’ records. Amongst few jurists, Pomponius wrote about the influence of Greek cities law on the Twelve Tables in the famous fragment on the history of Roman law from his Enchiridion (D. 1,2,2,3-4). Accursius gave an ample gloss to the fragment. He cites an anecdote on the creation of the Twelve Tables: „Greeks had delegated a wise man to visit Rome in order to estimate, after a discussion with its inhabitants, whether they are mature enough to be presented with the law that was prepared. Romans reached the decision that a fool should confront the Greek: there would be no damage to them if he lost, they thought. Obviously, both had to speak by signs. „The Greek started the duel raising one finger what meant that he believed in one God. The Roman took it as an attack on his eye and showed two fingers, which made three with his thumb, in order to be dangerous for both eyes of his adversary. However, the visitor understood the gesture as an acceptance of faith in one God with addition that He is triune. Referring to that, the Greek showed an open palm - it signified that everything is known to the Almighty. Yet, the fool thought that it is to strike his hand and raised the fist to demonstrate that he was going to defend himself. The wise man from Greece understood it as a statement that God has human fortune in His hand and reigns over all affairs of this world. „After this conversation, the Greek concluded that Roman society is developed in the degree they can be gifted with the prepared statue” . The story is one of the first notes on Greek influence on the Twelve Tables. It shows the total lack o f historic perpsective that was shared by glossators in the Middle Ages. The article contains also some references to the historiography of the Greek influence on the Twelve Tables.

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