Tenggar Cave, Tulungagung: preliminary study and its paleontological potentials

Goa Tenggar or Tenggar Cave is situated in the karstic physiography of southern Tulungagung, East Java that made up of prehistoric caves. These include the Wajak complex (minimum age of 37.4 to 28.5 thousand years ago) and the Song Gentong (around 7000 BP). The formation of Tenggar Cave is influenced by the subterranean river that penetrates the limestone unit. This cave has a front width of ± 10 m and a roof height of ± 8 m. The east side of the cave floor is a layer of soil, and the western side is the river. The inside of the cave composed by very compact conglomerate deposits and paleosoil that contains faunal remains, including Cervus sp., Bos sp., Bubalus sp., and Bibos sp., which may have occurred during the Pleistocene. The fossilized faunal remains from Tenggar Cave show that there was a relatively open environment during that time, such as a savannah with large trees and flowing rivers around the cave. The paleoenvironment indicates late Pleistocene to early Holocene period, similar to paleoenvironment in the Sewu Mountains that stretch along the southern part Java from central to the eastern tip of the island includes the coastal towns of Gunung Kidul, Pacitan and Tulungagung. The situation is certainly a point of interest when associating the findings with the surrounding sites, starting from Wajak, Song Gentong, Pacitan, Ponorogo, and Gunung Kidul. However, absolute dating test is necessary to be more certain of the lifetime of the fossilized fauna. If the fossils were from the Late Pleistocene, it could be an important information for the fields of paleontology, paleoanthropology, and prehistoric archaeology given that the occurrence of sites with such antiquity are limited in Southeast Asia. It is essential to conduct intensive research in Tenggar Cave in the future.

Following The Milky Way Path of Souls

Cahokia was a major Native American city on the east side of the Mississippi River, across from the modern-day city of St. Louis, Missouri. Cahokia flourished from c.1050 AD to c.1250. In this paper archaeoastronomic and ethnohistoric data along with computer simulations are used to explore the idea that the Cahokia site axis and the Rattlesnake Causeway were intentionally aligned to the Milky Way. It is proposed that this alignment accounts for the peculiar 5° offset of the site from the cardinal directions. Following Sarah Baires, it is suggested that Rattlesnake Causeway was a terrestrial metaphor for the Milky Way Path of Souls used by the deceased to cross to the Land of the Dead. Rattlesnake Mound at the end of the Causeway is suggested as a portal to the Path of Souls. According to ethnohistoric accounts, the Land of the Dead was guarded by a Great Serpent – suggested here as visible in the night sky as either the constellation Serpens or that of Scorpius.

Arduino-based night return mechanism for passive solar trackers

<p>Solar trackers are support platforms that keep photovoltaic panels facing the sun by following the sun from dusk to dawn. There exist active solar trackers that make use of motors and gears to orientate the photovoltaic panels towards the sun; and passive solar trackers that operate through the differential heating of the fluid in the tracking rack to follow the sun. Passive solar trackers suffer from the lack of a night return mechanism and a slow wake-up response in the mornings due to the limitations on the surface inclination angle of the rack. This paper seeks to address these issues by proposing an Arduino-based night return mechanism for passive solar trackers. An energy-saving heating element such as the ultra heating fabric manufactured by WireKinetics Co. is installed on the west-side canister of the tracker. Before dawn, the fabric is automatically heated and this will force the refrigerant in the west-side canister to vaporize and cool in the east- side canister, forcing the tracker to return and face eastward before sunrise. The night return mechanism is designed and simulated using Proteus profesional. Simulation results show that this system can significantly optimize the function of passive solar trackers.</p>

Chapter One: Ancient Eleon in Boeotia: An Overview of the Greek–Canadian Excavations

The first phase of Greek–Canadian excavations at the site of ancient Eleon in eastern Boeotia was conducted from 2011 to 2015. Fieldwork on the elevated plateau located between Thebes and the Euboean Gulf provided new evidence for occupation of Bronze Age and historical periods. Tombs of the early Mycenaean period have been found within and around a funerary structure known as the Blue Stone Structure. By the later Mycenaean period, settlement deposits dating to the Late Helladic IIIA and IIIB periods include evidence for participation in regional economic and crafting networks. Substantial Postpalatial settlement remains allow a better understanding of domestic architecture through several phases of reconstruction in the Late Helladic IIIC period, as well as industrial and ceremonial practices. Excavations have yet to locate evidence for domestic activity on the acropolis during the Iron Age, but the site is renewed in the Archaic period by the construction of the a major polygonal wall and associated entryway on the east side. Deposits here of fineware ceramics and figurines suggest that a cult focused on female divinity was active throughout the fifth century bc.

Numerical Modelling of Soil-Nail and Secant Pile in Plaxis 2D: A Case Study of Tomb of Jam Nizam-al-Din Samoo, Makkli Thatta

The majority of historical heritage structures of Makli, Thatta require rehabilitation. As the Tomb of Jam Nizam-al-Din Samoo is near the slope’s edge, the settlement increased due to slope degradation. This study aims to investigate the effect of structural elements such as secant pile and structural nails on the settlement of Tomb. From this study, it was observed that with the installation of secant piles on the slope, Tomb’s settlement can be reduced considerably; moreover, the anchors did not have an appreciable role in the settlement. The secant pile of 12 m sufficient to reduce settlement. This will be economical and easy approach as compare to the retaining wall. The Factor of safety (FOS) reduced from 1.36 to 1.10 with increase of slope from 45 to 35. The FOS of slope also increased with the installation of nails from east side of slope. The will reduce the chances of slope failure and consequently the tilting/collapse of Tomb.

Deep current structure in the Toyama Deep-Sea Channel in the Japan Sea

The flow field in the Toyama Deep-Sea Channel (TDSC) in the Japan Sea was investigated based on mooring observations. An asymmetric current system accompanying offshore and onshore currents over the east- and west-side slopes in the channel, respectively, is suggested. A bottom intensified flow characteristic was observed at the offshore stations in the Yamato Basin. The asymmetric current system in the channel is also suggested by the asymmetric distribution of water characteristics across the TDSC in Toyama Bay; a cold dense water mass with higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and higher transmittance (Tr) was found over the west-side slope of the channel, whereas a water mass with lower DO and lower Tr was distributed over the east-side slope, suggesting a turbidity current from the head of Toyama Bay. The currents facing the shallower depth on their right-hand-side, along with the density distribution in the TDSC, suggest a density current system under the influence of the earth’s rotation. The dissolved oxygen concentration in the TDSC was significantly lower than that in the offshore region of the same temperature range. This suggests that the water mass over the west-side slope in the TDSC is a modified offshore water mass which experienced significant mixing with the low DO water mass over the east-side slope in the TDSC, probably due to strong shear between the offshore and onshore currents in the narrow channel.

Autopsy Findings on Decomposing Drowned Body: Identification of Specific Diagnostic Features of External, Internal, and Laboratory Examinations

BACKGROUND: Drowning is one type of asphyxia caused by the entry of fluid into the airway. Death due to drowning is one of the hardest things that are difficult to diagnose in the field of forensic medicine, primarily if the victim found to be in a decomposed state. The state of decomposed examination often does not show typical signs. The diagnosis of drowning can be reached after considering all the results of the forensic examination including external, internal, and laboratory examinations. CASE PRESENTATION: A body has been found in the residential area on the east side of the beach, Tambaksarioso Village, Asemrowo District, on Tuesday, May 18, 2021, at 13.30 West Indonesian Time and reported to the police for investigation. The body was then identified at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital by a forensic expert. External, internal, and laboratory investigations were conducted. On external examination, the corpse was not intact, with signs of decay, saponification, and violation. In an internal examination, sand in the airways and other signs of drowning were identified. In the acid destruction test using the right femur, a positive diatom result was obtained. CONCLUSION: A complete autopsy is vital to determine the cause and mechanism of death, reconstruct the events before death, and identify the victim. It is also essential to determine whether the deceased died by drowning was alive before entering the water. All injuries suffered by the victims should be described.