Proboscidean origins of mastodon and woolly mammoth demonstrated immunologically

Paleobiology ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeheskel Shoshani ◽  
Jerold M. Lowenstein ◽  
Daniel A. Walz ◽  
Morris Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Loxodonta Africana ◽  
Elephas Maximus ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Mammuthus Primigenius ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
First Time ◽  
Mammut Americanum ◽  
Woolly Mammoth

Immunologically reactive protein substances were extracted from bone samples of an American mastodon (Mammut americanum), 10,200 yr old by radiocarbon dating, and from muscle samples of three woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius), 10,000, 40,000 and 53,000 yr old, respectively. The mastodon samples contained significant quantities of the amino acids hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline, both of which are usually found in collagens and not in albumins. Using these products and other comparable extracts, as well as sera and purified collagens from modern elephants and other living mammals, as test antigens, immunological comparisons were carried out with the following antisera: rabbit anti-mastodon bone; chicken anti-mammoth muscle; chicken anti-elephant muscle; rabbit anti-elephant albumin and rabbit anti-elephant collagen, as well as with rabbit antisera to purified albumins and collagens of other mammals. For the first time, mastodon bone was found to have elephant-like proteins, which elicited antibodies that reacted strongly with collagen and serum proteins of extant elephants. Mammoth muscle strongly reacted with anti-elephant collagen and anti-elephant albumin, but the concentrations of the recoverable mammoth collagen and albumin decreased with increasing chronological age of the mammoth specimens. Nevertheless, in the immunological comparisons, the mammoth was closer to Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants than to the mastodon; in turn, the mastodon was closer to these elephantid species than to mammals outside the order Proboscidea.

The mummified brain of a pleistocene woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) compared with the brain of the extant African elephant (Loxodonta africana)

2015 ◽  
Vol 523 (16) ◽  
pp. 2326-2343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia S. Kharlamova ◽  
Sergei V. Saveliev ◽  
Albert V. Protopopov ◽  
Busisiwe C. Maseko ◽  
Adhil Bhagwandin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loxodonta Africana ◽  
African Elephant ◽  
Mammuthus Primigenius ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Woolly Mammoth

Metagenomics to Paleogenomics: Large-Scale Sequencing of Mammoth DNA

Science ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 311 (5759) ◽  
pp. 392-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik N. Poinar ◽  
Carsten Schwarz ◽  
Ji Qi ◽  
Beth Shapiro ◽  
Ross D. E. MacPhee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Loxodonta Africana ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Base Pairs ◽  
Mammuthus Primigenius ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Woolly Mammoth

We sequenced 28 million base pairs of DNA in a metagenomics approach, using a woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) sample from Siberia. As a result of exceptional sample preservation and the use of a recently developed emulsion polymerase chain reaction and pyrosequencing technique, 13 million base pairs (45.4%) of the sequencing reads were identified as mammoth DNA. Sequence identity between our data and African elephant (Loxodonta africana) was 98.55%, consistent with a paleontologically based divergence date of 5 to 6 million years. The sample includes a surprisingly small diversity of environmental DNAs. The high percentage of endogenous DNA recoverable from this single mammoth would allow for completion of its genome, unleashing the field of paleogenomics.

scholarly journals New Radiocarbon Ages on Percussion-Fractured and Flaked Proboscidean Limb Bones from Yukon, Canada

ARCTIC ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven R. Holen ◽  
C. Richard Harington ◽  
Kathleen A. Holen
Keyword(s):  
Mammuthus Primigenius ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Human Dispersal ◽  
Fracture Patterns ◽  
Ultra Filtration ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Mammut Americanum ◽  
Early Human ◽  
Woolly Mammoth

Proboscidean limb bones discovered in Yukon during the 1960s and 1970s exhibit fracture patterns, notches, and bone flakes that are characteristic of percussion. Because of the unique properties of thick cortical proboscidean bone (probably woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius or less likely American mastodon Mammut americanum), some researchers hypothesized that these fracture patterns represent intentional hammerstone modification by humans for marrow extraction and bone tool production. As such, these fracture patterns represent evidence of early human dispersal into Eastern Beringia. Radiocarbon dating in the late 1980s indicated that the bone breakage occurred between about 25 000 and 40 000 radiocarbon years before present (14C yr BP). We report 11 new radiocarbon ages using ultra-filtration methods on a different sample of similarly fractured and flaked bones from Yukon. Only two of the radiocarbon ages fall within the expected range of 25 000 to 40 000 14C yr BP. Six other ages are non-finite, with five being more than 49 100 14C yr BP. Three finite ages range between 46 500 and 50 500 14C yr BP with large standard deviations, and these ages may also be non-finite. Two testable hypotheses to explain the observed breakage patterns were developed, the first being that humans broke the bones and the second that some presently unknown geological process broke the bones. Further research is needed to test these two hypotheses.

Collection of radiocarbon dates on the mammoths (Mammuthus Primigenius) and other genera of Wrangel Island, northeast Siberia, Russia

2008 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey L. Vartanyan ◽  
Khikmat A. Arslanov ◽  
Juha A. Karhu ◽  
Göran Possnert ◽  
Leopold D. Sulerzhitsky
Keyword(s):  
Long Bone ◽  
Mammuthus Primigenius ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Wrangel Island ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
First Time ◽  
Long Bone Dimensions ◽  
Musk Ox ◽  
Bone Dimensions ◽  
Woolly Mammoth

AbstractWe present and discuss a full list of radiocarbon dates for woolly mammoth and other species of the Mammoth fauna available from Wrangel Island, northeast Siberia, Russia. Most of the radiocarbon dates are published here for the first time. Of the124 radiocarbon dates on mammoth bone, 106 fall between 3700 and 9000 yr ago. We believe these dates bracket the period of mammoth isolation on Wrangel Island and their ultimate extinction, which we attribute to natural causes. The absence of dates between 9–12 ka probably indicates a period when mammoths were absent from Wrangel Island. Long bone dimensions of Holocene mammoths from Wrangel Island indicate that these animals were comparable in size to those on the mainland; although they were not large animals, neither can they be classified as dwarfs. Occurrence of mammoth Holocene refugia on the mainland is suggested. Based on other species of the Mammoth fauna that have also been radiocarbon on Wrangel Island, including horse, bison, musk ox and woolly rhinoceros, it appears that the mammoth was the only species of that fauna that inhabited Wrangel Island in the mid-Holocene.

scholarly journals The mummified brain of a pleistocene woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) compared with the brain of the extant African elephant (Loxodonta africana)

2015 ◽  
Vol 523 (16) ◽  
pp. Spc1-Spc1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia S. Kharlamova ◽  
Sergei V. Saveliev ◽  
Albert V. Protopopov ◽  
Busisiwe C. Maseko ◽  
Adhil Bhagwandin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loxodonta Africana ◽  
African Elephant ◽  
Mammuthus Primigenius ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Woolly Mammoth

Similar use of intonation structure in early implanted children and hearing children: The case of Italian

2021 ◽  
pp. 014272372098605
Author(s):  
Paola Zanchi ◽  
Laura Zampini ◽  
Luca Pancani ◽  
Roberta Berici ◽  
Mariapaola D’Imperio
Keyword(s):  
Chronological Age ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Generation Task ◽  
Story Generation ◽  
Italian Children ◽  
Children's Stories ◽  
Hearing Children ◽  
First Time

This work presents an analysis of the intonation competence in a group of Italian children with cochlear implant (CI). Early cochlear implantation plays a crucial role in language development for children who were born deaf in that it favours the acquisition of complex aspects of language, such as the intonation structure. A story-generation task, the Narrative Competence Task, was used to elicit children’s stories. Narrations produced by 8 early implanted children and by 16 children with typically hearing (TH) (8 one-to-one matched considering the chronological age, TH-CA, and 8 considering the hearing age, TH-HA) were analysed considering intonation features (pitch accent distribution, edge tones and inner breaks). Results show that children with CI produce intonation patterns that are similar to those of both TH-CA and TH-HA control groups. Few significant differences were found only between children with CI and children matched for TH-HA in the use of rising edge tones. These results are discussed in light of the role of cognitive development in using prosody and intonation and the importance of early CI implantation. This study shows for the first time that intonation use of early implanted children is not different from that of typically developing children with the same chronological age.

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