Universal sex differences across patriarchal cultures ≠ evolved psychological dispositions

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice H. Eagly ◽  
Wendy Wood
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Evolutionary Account ◽  
Psychological Attributes ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
Biological Attributes ◽  
Structural Aspects

Schmitt's findings provide little evidence that sex differences in sociosexuality are explained by evolved dispositions. These sex differences are better explained by an evolutionary account that treats the psychological attributes of women and men as emergent, given the biological attributes of the sexes, especially female reproductive capacity, and the economic and social structural aspects of societies.

scholarly journals Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures

1989 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Buss
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Evolutionary Selection ◽  
Proximate Mechanisms ◽  
Validity Check ◽  
Human Reproductive ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Certainty Of Paternity

AbstractContemporary mate preferences can provide important clues to human reproductive history. Little is known about which characteristics people value in potential mates. Five predictions were made about sex differences in human mate preferences based on evolutionary conceptions of parental investment, sexual selection, human reproductive capacity, and sexual asymmetries regarding certainty of paternity versus maternity. The predictions centered on how each sex valued earning capacity, ambition— industriousness, youth, physical attractiveness, and chastity. Predictions were tested in data from 37 samples drawn from 33 countries located on six continents and five islands (totalN= 10,047). For 27 countries, demographic data on actual age at marriage provided a validity check on questionnaire data. Females were found to value cues toresource acquisitionin potential mates more highly than males. Characteristics signalingreproductive capacitywere valued more by males than by females. These sex differences may reflect different evolutionary selection pressures on human males and females; they provide powerful cross-cultural evidence of current sex differences in reproductive strategies. Discussion focuses on proximate mechanisms underlying mate preferences, consequences for human intrasexual competition, and the limitations of this study.

Sex, sex differences, and the new polygyny

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Marshall Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Experience ◽  
Structural Theory ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Sociosexual Orientation ◽  
Evolutionary Theories ◽  
Social Structural

The Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI) was not designed to illuminate the sexually dimorphic mental mechanisms posited by evolutionary theories. Its results are therefore open to competing interpretations. Measures designed to tap the thought processes surrounding sexual experience generate findings that are more compatible with evolutionary than with social structural theory.

The origins of aggression sex differences: Evolved dispositions versus social roles

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice H. Eagly ◽  
Wendy Wood
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Structural Interpretation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
Evolutionary Interpretation

The ultimate causes of sex differences in human aggressive behavior can lie mainly in evolved, inherited mechanisms that differ by sex or mainly in the differing placement of women and men in the social structure. The present commentary contrasts Campbell's evolutionary interpretation of aggression sex differences with a social structural interpretation that encompasses a wider range of phenomena.

POTENTIAL OF FOUR SPECIES OF PREDATORY MITES AS BIOLOGICALCONTROL AGENTS OF THE TOMATO RUSSET MITE, ACULOPS LYCOPERSICI (MASSEE) (ERIOPHYIDAE)

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Brodeur ◽  
André Bouchard ◽  
Gilles Turcotte
Keyword(s):  
Phytoseiulus Persimilis ◽  
Predatory Mites ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Amblyseius Cucumeris ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Potential Control ◽  
Aculops Lycopersici ◽  
Biological Attributes ◽  
Tomato Russet Mite ◽  
The Individual

AbstractPredation experiments were conducted to identify a predator with the capacity to control the tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Eriophyidae), in greenhouse tomato crops. The efficiency of four predatory mites species was evaluated at the individual level in the laboratory: the tydeid Homeopronematus anconai (Baker) and the phytoseiids Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans, and A. fallacis Garman. The first three species had already been suggested as potential control agents. Predation by P. persimilis was essentially zero on tomato russet mite, whereas H. homeopronematus failed to develop to the adult stage when fed solely with this prey. Amblyseius cucumeris developed successfully on tomato russet mite but failed to reproduce. Only A. fallacis appears to possess several of the biological attributes required to control the tomato russet mite. This species attacks all stages of the pest and displays excellent survival (.92%), adequate rate of development (6.3 days at 22 °C), and good reproductive capacity in the presence of A. lycopersici.

scholarly journals Male Immorality: An Evolutionary Account of Sex Differences in Unethical Negotiation Behavior

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 2014-2044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Lee ◽  
Marko Pitesa ◽  
Madan M. Pillutla ◽  
Stefan Thau
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Evolutionary Account ◽  
Negotiation Behavior

Sex differences at puberty

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (S2) ◽  
pp. 31-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Endocrine Glands ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
Secondary Sex Characters

The physical changes which take place at puberty in both sexes may be classified under the following headings:(1) Morphological. The rate of growth increases but this acceleration is greater in some dimensions than others so that the overall shape of the body changes, i.e. the rate of change in both size and shape alters.(2) Body composition. There are changes in the relative amounts of bone, muscle and fat.(3) Physiological. There are changes, particularly in the circulatory and respiratory systems, altering the ability to carry out prolonged muscular work.(4) Sex specific. The secondary sex characters develop and reproductive capacity is attained.(5) Endocrine. The above changes result from alterations in the quantities of various hormones released into the blood stream by the endocrine glands, especially the pituitary, the gonads (ovaries in female and testes in male), and the adrenal cortex. The endocrine changes must precede the morphological or other effects which they produce, but will be more readily understood if we examine their effects first.

scholarly journals Influence of intrinsic and extrinsic attributes on neonate survival in an invasive large mammal

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Chinn ◽  
John C. Kilgo ◽  
Mark A. Vukovich ◽  
James C. Beasley
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Successful Management ◽  
Natal Nest ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Biological Attributes ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Pelage Coloration ◽  
Wild Pig

AbstractUnderstanding factors influencing survival of neonates for wild species is important for successful management, particularly for determining drivers of population dynamics. Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are invasive and populations are rapidly increasing in part due to high reproductive capacity. Survival of adults is generally high, however, survival of piglets, and particularly neonates, is largely unknown. We located neonates at the natal nest and quantified survival in relation to individual and maternal biological attributes, and environmental variables. During 2017–2020, we captured 50 neonates from 13 litters and documented 28 mortalities (56%) over six weeks. Survival was positively influenced by pelage coloration, likely as a form of camouflage from predators. Male neonates had higher survival. They were born larger than females, which could be beneficial for thermoregulation and competition for milk. Neonates born to larger sows had lower survival. Sow size was positively correlated with litter size, and this finding may reflect the increased nutritional demands of sustaining large litters, or difficulties in defending more neonates against predators. Neonates born in warmer months had higher survival than those born in cooler months. Neonates are inefficient thermoregulators, thus being born in warmer months could be beneficial for maintaining homeostasis as well as access to more food resources. These are the largest and most complete data for neonate wild pig survival and will inform population models for the development of management strategies to reduce negative impacts of this destructive invasive species on native ecosystems.

scholarly journals Beyond institutionalism: toward a transformed global governance theory

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Aart Scholte
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Global Regulation ◽  
Normative Analysis ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
Governance Theory ◽  
Structural Aspects

Abstract Prompted by both promises and pitfalls in Michael's Zürn's A Theory of Global Governance, this paper reflects on challenges going forward beyond liberal institutionalism in the study of world politics. Six suggestions are particularly highlighted for future theorizing of global governance: (a) further distance from state-centrism; (b) greater attention to transscalar qualities of global governing; (c) more incorporation of social-structural aspects of global regulation; (d) trilateral integration of individual, institutional, and structural sources of legitimacy in global governance; (e) more synthesis of positive and normative analysis; and (f) transcendence of Euro-centrism. Together these six shifts would generate a transformed global governance theory – and possibly practice as well.

scholarly journals Between-Sex Differences in Romantic Jealousy: Substance or Spin? A Qualitative Analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 147470491201000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola J. Fussell ◽  
Brian T. Stollery
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Romantic Jealousy ◽  
Evolutionary Account ◽  
Relationship Threat ◽  
Psychological Mechanism

An influential evolutionary account of romantic jealousy proposes that natural selection shaped a specific sexually-dimorphic psychological mechanism in response to relationship threat. However, this account has faced considerable theoretical and methodological criticism and it remains unclear whether putative sex differences in romantic jealousy actually exist and, if they do, whether they are consistent with its predictions. Given the multidimensional nature of romantic jealousy, the current study employed a qualitative design to examine these issues. We report the results of sixteen semi-structured interviews that were conducted with heterosexual men and women with the purpose of exploring the emotions, cognitions and behaviors that formed their subjective, lived experience in response to relationship threat. Interpretative phenomenological analysis revealed four super-ordinate themes (“threat appraisal”, “emotional episodes”, “sex-specific threat” and “forgive and forget”) and unequivocal sex differences in romantic jealousy consistent with the evolutionary account. Self-esteem, particularly when conceptualized as an index of mate value, emerged as an important proximal mediator for both sexes. However, specific outcomes were dependent upon domains central to the individual's self concept that were primarily sex-specific. The findings are integrated within the context of existing self-esteem and evolutionary theory and future directions for romantic jealousy research are suggested.

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