Apes, humans, and M. C. Escher: Uniqueness and continuity in the evolution of language

2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-290
Author(s):  
Barbara J. King
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Evolution Of Language ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Human Family

Ontogeny, specifically the role of language in the human family now and in prehistory, is central to Locke & Bogin's (L&B's) thesis in a compelling way. The unique life-history stages of childhood and adolescence, however, must be interpreted not only against an exceptionally “high quality” human infancy but also in light of the evolution of co-constructed, emotionally based communication in ape, hominid, and human infancy.

Language use, not language, is what develops in childhood and adolescence

2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Bickerton
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Language Evolution ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Acquisition Period ◽  
Causative Factors

That both language and novel life-history stages are unique to humans is an interesting datum. But failure to distinguish between language and language use results in an exaggeration of the language acquisition period, which in turn vitiates claims that new developmental stages were causative factors in language evolution.

Effects of ultraviolet radiation on life-history stages of anurans from Ontario, Canada

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 2292-2301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen P. Grant ◽  
Lawrence E. Licht
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Rana Sylvatica ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Hyla Versicolor ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Embryo Stage

We tested the effects of ultraviolet-a (uv-a) and ultraviolet-b (uv-b) radiation on life-history stages of the anurans Bufo americanus, Hyla versicolor, Rana clamitans, and Rana sylvatica. No effect of uv-a was found on eggs or larvae even at exposures twice the intensity of normal outdoor levels. Only R. sylvatica was tested in the embryo stage. All embryos exposed to 30 min or more of artificially high intensity uv-b died. After exposure to artificially high intensity uv-b of 15 min or less, or at ecologically relevant levels, there was no effect on hatching success. The proportion of abnormal embryos after exposure to 10 or 15 min of artificially high intensity treatment was higher at 12 °C than at 20 °C. The jelly surrounding the ova can effectively reduce uv-b transmission through the egg mass. Of the four species tested, only larval R. clamitans showed some tolerance of artificially high uv-b levels, but development of the survivors was arrested and metamorphosis was not initiated. Ecologically relevant doses of uv-b had no effect on developmental period, duration of metamorphic climax, or mass at metamorphosis in B. americanus, H. versicolor, or R. sylvatica. Whereas all metamorphosed juvenile R. clamitans and R. sylvatica died after exposure to high-intensity uv-b, some B. americanus survived. Older B. americanus exposed for the same length of time had higher survivorship than younger animals. The role of uv radiation in presumed amphibian population declines is discussed.

scholarly journals CONDITION-SPECIFIC COMPETITION IN CONTAINER MOSQUITOES: THE ROLE OF NONCOMPETING LIFE-HISTORY STAGES

Ecology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 86 (12) ◽  
pp. 3289-3295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie S. Costanzo ◽  
Banugopan Kesavaraju ◽  
Steven A. Juliano
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Container Mosquitoes

Ecological Time

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-66
Author(s):  
Eric Post
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Individual Organism ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Use Of Time ◽  
The Individual

This chapter explores the role of time in ecology as a resource. In this framework, the established terms timing, rate, acceleration, and duration accrue more nuanced importance. Here, timing, rate, and duration refer to the onset of, progression through, and hence use of time in linked series of associated phenophases that comprise an individual organism's life history cycle. As with other resources, time available for allocation to such phenophases or life history stages is limited in supply, and it is in demand by conspecific and heterospecific competitors alike. The chapter then argues that time, much like space, varies in its scales of availability for use by the individual organism, and in its forms available for use by the individual organism.

Searching for ‘success’: generation, gender and onward migration in the Iranian diaspora

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Onward Migration ◽  
Social Fields ◽  
Transnational Social Fields ◽  
High Level ◽  
Iranian Diaspora

This article uses the concepts of ‘transnational social fields’ and ‘habitus’ to explore the multifaceted role families play in shaping the aspirations of onward migrating youth. The article draws on biographical life history interviews conducted with the children of Iranian migrants who were raised in Sweden but moved to London, UK as adults. The findings of the study suggest that from a young age, all the participants were pressured by their parents to perform well academically, and to achieve high level careers. These goals were easier to achieve in London than in Sweden for several reasons. Interestingly, however, participants’ understandings of what constituted success and their motivations for onward migration were nuanced and varied considerably by gender. The study contributes to an understanding of the role of multi-sited transnational social fields in shaping the aspirations of migrant youths, as well as the strategies taken up by these migrants to achieve their goals.

Making Movies and Community of Talent

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1057-1064
Author(s):  
Katsuhiko Hirasawa ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Shop Floor ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Democratic Leadership ◽  
Staff Members

Staff members at a movie company Daiei, known for presumably the world’s best film technology, continued to produce movies for several months even after the company went bankrupt. It was because they desired to make outstanding films. A director can create a high-quality film by combining the skills and ideas of such staff. Akira Kurosawa named the group that could produce excellent works the “Community of Talents”. By using research on a community as a clue, this paper aims to highlight how the “Community of Talents” is organized. First I point out that a “Community of Talents” is formulated primarily by the labor of the staff based on Kumazawa’s “Community on the Shop Floor”. The paper subsequently refers to research by Heinrich Nicklish, a representative researcher on the study of community in Germany, in an attempt to verify that the community is a group of people established on functions. Lastly, the paper explores Guido Fisher’s research to reveal the role of democratic leadership centered on the director who transforms the objectified staff in the organization into an independently-minded presence and help them prove their abilities. The paper continues to emphasize the significance of leadership in the formation of the “Community of Talents”.

Queering Gender Identity Work: A Life History of a Black Transgender Woman

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esethu Monakali
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Identity Work ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Ongoing Effort ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

This article offers an analysis of the identity work of a black transgender woman through life history research. Identity work pertains to the ongoing effort of authoring oneself and positions the individual as the agent; not a passive recipient of identity scripts. The findings draw from three life history interviews. Using thematic analysis, the following themes emerge: institutionalisation of gender norms; gender and sexuality unintelligibility; transitioning and passing; and lastly, gender expression and public spaces. The discussion follows from a poststructuralist conception of identity, which frames identity as fluid and as being continually established. The study contends that identity work is a complex and fragmented process, which is shaped by other social identities. To that end, the study also acknowledges the role of collective agency in shaping gender identity.

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