Not only a listener: female frog-biting midges (Corethrellidae) also distinguish the shape of frogs

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Fernando Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Crasso Paulo Bosco Breviglieri
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Mating Call ◽  
Mating Calls ◽  
Host Detection ◽  
Light Green

Abstract It is well known that female adults of frog-biting midges (Corethrellidae) are attracted by anuran mating calls. However, the role of host-emitted cues other than mating calls in determining the level of attraction remains poorly understood. Here, we performed field playback experiments to test how the host-seeking behaviour of Corethrella Coquillett is influenced by different sound stimuli: mating call of a tree frog, cricket call, and no sound. Then, after long-distance host detection, we evaluated if Corethrella can distinguish landing sites by using at short distance the colour and/or shape of anurans. For that, we placed artificial models of frogs with different colours (light green and dark brown) and an artificial caterpillar model (light green colour) on the top of speakers. We found that only frog mating calls presented with the visual cue of an artificial frog were attacked by Corethrella, suggesting that frog shape, regardless of colour, is an important cue for the identification of its hosts. This is the first study providing evidence that after flying long distances guided by frog calls, Corethrella can identify their hosts using visual cues at short distances.

The role of the "encounter" call in spacing of Pacific tree frogs, Hyla regilla

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl L. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Hyla Regilla ◽  
Mating Call ◽  
Mating Calls ◽  
Tree Frogs

When calling male Pacific tree frogs come closer together than about 50 cm, they switch from the mating call to the encounter call. After an exchange of encounter calls, one of the frogs may submit by retreating or ceasing to call, or they may fight, after which the loser submits. To investigate the role of the encounter call in maintaining spacing, I compared the responses of calling males lo playback of encounter calls and mating calls. During 60-s playbacks, most frogs responded initially to both vocalizations by uttering encounter calls, but they were more likely to respond further to encounter calls by either attacking or submitting. I suggest that the encounter call serves to reduce the amount of time that calling frogs remain close together and, as a consequence, to enhance their chances of attracting females.

Is the perception of their own odour effective in orienting the exploratory activity of cave fishes?

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 871-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalisa Paglianti ◽  
Giuseppe Messana ◽  
Alessandro Cianfanelli ◽  
Roberto Berti
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Spatial Knowledge ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
Fish Swimming ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Sensory Pathways ◽  
Water Volumes ◽  
Odour Perception

Spatial knowledge of the surrounding environment is extremely important for animals to locate and efficiently exploit available resources (e.g., food, shelters, mates). Fishes usually acquire spatial information about their home range through vision, but vision fails in the dark and other sensory pathways have to be exploited. Fishes possess a remarkable olfactory system and have evolved a refined ability of chemical detection and recognition. Nevertheless, while the role of chemical cues in spatial orientation is well known in long-distance salmonid migrations, it has never been investigated in orientation within local, familiar areas. Here we report the first evidence that fish swimming can be topographically polarized by self-odour perception. When an unfamiliar area was experimentally scented with fish self-odour, the cave cyprinid Phreatichthys andruzzii Vinciguerra, 1924 behaved as if the area was previously explored. The fish preferred an odour-free area to a self-odour-scented one, and when offered the choice between a familiar and an unfamiliar area, they preferred the unexplored environment. Avoidance of self-odour-scented areas would allow effective exploration of the subterranean environment, minimizing the risks of repeatedly exploring the same water volumes. Our results are the first clear evidence that fish can use their own odour to orient their locomotor activity when visual cues are not available. This highlights the possible role of chemical information in fish orientation.

A natural hybrid between Hyla arborea and Hyla meridionalis detected by mating calls

1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.G. Crespo ◽  
M. Paillette ◽  
H.D. Rosa ◽  
M.E. Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Allozyme Variation ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
Natural Hybrid ◽  
Call Structure ◽  
Hyla Arborea ◽  
Testis Histology ◽  
Mating Call ◽  
Mating Calls

AbstractA tree-frog with unusual mating calls was found in an area of sympatry between H. arborea and H. meridionalis. This individual was studied by analysis of mating call structure and allozyme variation. The structure of the testes was also examined. The intermediate characteristics of the mating calls, the heterozygosity of all discriminative loci examined, and the apparent sterility, as shown by testis histology, all corroborate the identification of this hybrid.

Attachment Styles, Physical Proximity, and Relational Satisfaction

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
Anita Shrivastava ◽  
Andrea Burianova
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Styles ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
Distinct Type ◽  
Relational Satisfaction ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Avoidant Attachment ◽  
Geographic Separation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Attachment Dimensions

This study aimed to explore the relationships between attachment styles, proximity, and relational satisfaction. This was achieved by assessing a distinct type of long distance romantic relationship of flying crews, compared with proximal (non-flying crew) romantic relationships. The responses of 139 expatriate professionals revealed significant associations between proximity and anxious and avoidant attachment dimensions. The role of the avoidant dimension in comparison with that of the anxious dimension was found to be a significant predictor of relational satisfaction. This study contributes significantly toward addressing the role of proximity and attachment in relational satisfaction in a new context of geographic separation.

Trade, Commerce, and the State in the Roman World

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Legal Structures ◽  
The City ◽  
Political Character ◽  
Different Sources

This interdisciplinary volume presents nineteen chapters by Roman historians and archaeologists, discussing trade in the Roman Empire in the period c.100 BC to AD 350, and in particular the role of the Roman state, in shaping the institutional framework for trade within and outside the Empire, in taxing that trade, and in intervening in the markets to ensure the supply of particular commodities, especially for the city of Rome and for the army. The chapters in this volume address facets of the subject on the basis of widely different sources of evidence—historical, papyrological, and archaeological—and are grouped in three sections: institutional factors (taxation, legal structures, market regulation, financial institutions); evidence for long-distance trade within the Empire, in wood, stone, glass, and pottery; and trade beyond the frontiers, with the East (as far as China), India, Arabia, and the Red Sea, and the Sahara. Rome’s external trade with realms to the east emerges as being of particular significance to the fisc. But in the eastern part of the Empire at least, the state appears, in collaboration with the elite holders of wealth, to have adapted the mechanisms of taxation, both direct and indirect, to support its need for revenue. On the other hand, the price of that collaboration, which was in effect a fiscal partnership, in slightly different forms in East and West, in the longer term fundamentally changed the political character of the Empire.

The Role of Visual and Auditory Communication in the Performance of a Joint Team Task

2021 ◽  
pp. 001872082110310
Author(s):  
Adam F. Werner ◽  
Jamie C. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Ability ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Multiple Resource Theory ◽  
Coupling Mode ◽  
Multiple Resource ◽  
Auditory Cueing ◽  
Performance Trial

Objective This study examines visual, auditory, and the combination of both (bimodal) coupling modes in the performance of a two-person perceptual-motor task, in which one person provides the perceptual inputs and the other the motor inputs. Background Parking a plane or landing a helicopter on a mountain top requires one person to provide motor inputs while another person provides perceptual inputs. Perceptual inputs are communicated either visually, auditorily, or through both cues. Methods One participant drove a remote-controlled car around an obstacle and through a target, while another participant provided auditory, visual, or bimodal cues for steering and acceleration. Difficulty was manipulated using target size. Performance (trial time, path variability), cue rate, and spatial ability were measured. Results Visual coupling outperformed auditory coupling. Bimodal performance was best in the most difficult task condition but also high in the easiest condition. Cue rate predicted performance in all coupling modes. Drivers with lower spatial ability required a faster auditory cue rate, whereas drivers with higher ability performed best with a lower rate. Conclusion Visual cues result in better performance when only one coupling mode is available. As predicted by multiple resource theory, when both cues are available, performance depends more on auditory cueing. In particular, drivers must be able to transform auditory cues into spatial actions. Application Spotters should be trained to provide an appropriate cue rate to match the spatial ability of the driver or pilot. Auditory cues can enhance visual communication when the interpersonal task is visual with spatial outputs.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Midge and Mosquito Vectors to SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Velmurugan Balaraman ◽  
Barbara S Drolet ◽  
Natasha N Gaudreault ◽  
William C Wilson ◽  
Jeana Owens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Culex Tarsalis ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Culicoides Sonorensis ◽  
Insect Cell Lines ◽  
Intrathoracic Inoculation

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 is a recently emerged, highly contagious virus and the cause of the current COVID-19 pandemic. It is a zoonotic virus, although its animal origin is not clear yet. Person-to-person transmission occurs by inhalation of infected droplets and aerosols, or by direct contact with contaminated fomites. Arthropods transmit numerous viral, parasitic, and bacterial diseases; however, the potential role of arthropods in SARS-CoV-2 transmission is not fully understood. Thus far, a few studies have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 replication is not supported in cells from certain insect species nor in certain species of mosquitoes after intrathoracic inoculation. In this study, we expanded the work of SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility to biting insects after ingesting a SARS-CoV-2-infected bloodmeal. Species tested included Culicoides sonorensis (Wirth & Jones) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) biting midges, as well as Culex tarsalis (Coquillett) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), all known biological vectors for numerous RNA viruses. Arthropods were allowed to feed on SARS-CoV-2-spiked blood and at a time point postinfection analyzed for the presence of viral RNA and infectious virus. Additionally, cell lines derived from C. sonorensis (W8a), Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) (C6/36), Cx. quinquefasciatus (HSU), and Cx. tarsalis (CxTrR2) were tested for SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. Our results indicate that none of the biting insects, nor the insect cell lines evaluated support SARS-CoV-2 replication, suggesting that these species are unable to be biological vectors of SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Prevalence of ACSL (rs6552828) polymorphism among runners

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 121-128
Author(s):  
Sigal Ben-Zaken ◽  
Yoav Meckel ◽  
Dan Nemet ◽  
Alon Eliakim
Keyword(s):  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Professional Athletes ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
The Common

The ACSL A/G polymorphism is associated with endurance trainability. Previous studies have demonstrated that homozygotes of the minor AA allele had a reduced maximal oxygen consumption response to training compared to the common GG allele homozygotes, and that the ACSL A/G single nucleotide polymorphism explained 6.1% of the variance in the VO2max response to endurance training. The contribution of ACSL single nucleotide polymorphism to endurance trainability was shown in nonathletes, however, its potential role in professional athletes is not clear. Moreover, the genetic basis to anaerobic trainability is even less studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of ACSL single nucleotide polymorphism among professional Israeli long distance runners (n=59), middle distance runners (n=31), sprinters and jumpers (n=48) and non-athletic controls (n=60). The main finding of the present study was that the ACSL1 AA genotype, previously shown to be associated with reduced endurance trainability, was not higher among sprinters and jumpers (15%) compared to middle- (16%) and long-distance runners (15%). This suggests that in contrast to previous studies indicating that the ACSL1 single nucleotide polymorphism may influence endurance trainability among non-athletic individuals, the role of this polymorphism among professional athletes is still not clear.

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