The Hukou System and Rural-Urban Migration in China: Processes and Changes

1999 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
pp. 818-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kam Wing Chan ◽  
Li Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
The State ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
The West ◽  
Registration System ◽  
System A ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

Until recently, few people in mainland China would dispute the significance of the hukou (household registration) system in affecting their lives – indeed, in determining their fates. At the macro level, the centrality of this system has led some to argue that the industrialization strategy and the hukou system were the crucial organic parts of the Maoist model: the strategy could not have been implemented without the system. A number of China scholars in the West, notably Christiansen, Chan, Cheng and Seiden, Solinger, and Mallee, have begun in recent years to study this important subject in relation to population mobility and its social and economic ramifications. Unlike population registration systems in many other countries, the Chinese system was designed not merely to provide population statistics and identify personal status, but also directly to regulate population distribution and serve many other important objectives desired by the state. In fact, the hukou system is one of the major tools of social control employed by the state. Its functions go far beyond simply controlling population mobility.

The State Connection in China's Rural-Urban Migration

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Guang
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
The State ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Migration Process ◽  
State Textile ◽  
Facilitative Role ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Urban State

This study explores the role of China's rural local state-owned and urban state-owned units in its rural-urban migration process. Most studies on Chinese migration have focused on migrants moving from rural to urban areas through informal mechanisms outside of the state's control. They therefore treat the Chinese state as an obstructionist force and dismiss its facilitative role in the migration process. By documenting rural local states' “labor export” strategies and urban state units' employment of millions of peasants, this article provides a corrective to the existing literature. It highlights and explains the state connection in China's rural-urban migration. Labor is … a special kind of commodity. What we do is to fetch a good price for this special commodity. Labor bureau official from Laomei county, 1996 If we want efficiency, we have to hire migrant workers. Party secretary of a state textile factory in Shanghai, 1997

Reference Models for Transmitting Knowledge

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Kaufmann
Keyword(s):  
Paddy Field ◽  
The State ◽  
Knowledge Transmission ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Vernacular Literature ◽  
Reference Models ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

This chapter describes one specific verbal medium of paddy field knowledge transmission, farming proverbs, discussing the role these proverbs play at the nexus of rice farming and rural-urban migration in China. Based on two anthologies of oral vernacular literature, the chapter asserts that these agricultural maxims provide evidence for the transformation of farming technology and the system of knowledge transmission. In addition, it argues that, first, the strength of these sayings lies precisely in their flexibility, which has made them a platform of knowledge negotiation between peasants and the state; and, second, that these proverbs have the potential to serve as a back-up resource for retaining paddy field knowledge.

Alternate Civilities: Democracy and Culture in China and Taiwan. By Robert P. Weller. [Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999. xvi+172 pp. $28.00. ISBN 0-8133-3931-6.]

2002 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
pp. 741-779
Author(s):  
Thomas B. Gold
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
The State ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Social Sector ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
The West ◽  
The Family ◽  
Formal Organizations ◽  
Grassroots Level

Robert Weller has given us a virtuoso display of theoretical sophistication combined with rich primary data in a densely packed yet consistently stimulating volume. Recognizing the controversy over the applicability of the concept of “civil society” to areas outside the West, he elaborates the idea of an “alternate civility,” by which he means forms of association between the family and the state deeply rooted in society at the grassroots level (therefore not broad-based enough to qualify as “civil”) that, in his view, have provided the basis for Taiwan's democratic transition, and may provide the seeds for a similar political transformation in mainland China. He calls this the “informal social sector” and contrasts it with a sector comprising formal organizations, which are more likely to be co-opted by the state.

Segregated and not equal? Occupation, earnings gap between urban residents and rural migrants in Vietnam

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-55
Author(s):  
Amy Y.C. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Wage Gap ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Household Registration ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Urban Workers ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Common Support ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the earnings differentials between the locals and the rural–urban migrants in urban labor market in Vietnam. Design/methodology/approach Using the new Vietnam Rural-Urban Migration Survey 2013 (VRUMS2013) that is specifically designed for rural–urban migration, the author applies Appleton et al.’s (1999) procedure correcting for potential selectivity to decompose the offered earnings gap between the locals and the rural–urban migrants into within- and between-occupation pay differential. Bootstrapping is used to derive the standard errors for the decomposition results. The author further applies the propensity score matching (PSM) method to check whether the results are robust by restricting the sample to the “common support.” Findings Within-job difference, particularly, the favorable treatment toward urban workers contributes significantly to the overall and total unexplained earnings gap. Further, between-job pay differential attributed to the over-representation of urban workers in high-paying job also helps to widen the gap. These results are robust restricting to the “common support” sample using PSM. Research limitations/implications Due to the sample size, occupations are only classified into three broad categories. Finer classification will allow a better comparison between the contributions of between and within-occupation to earning inequality. The data are only limited to a few cities and do not include other urban centers that also receive rural–urban migrants. Practical implications Policies to promote equal pay and alleviate within-job “discrimination,” especially the preferential treatment favoring the locals (rather than to provide equal access to different jobs) are crucial for migrants’ labor outcome. Moreover, this study can, to some extent, be seen as a timely contribution for the debate on household registration reform in general and in Vietnam specifically. Given China’s announcement to grant permanent household registration (hukou) to unregistrated migrants in late 2015, investigating whether there is a two-tier labor market in the cities in Vietnam is particularly important for the ongoing debate regarding future of household registration system (ho khau). Originality/value This is the first study in Vietnam on rural–urban migration and occupation segregation – an area that has been relatively less well studied in developing/transitional countries. Vietnam is also one of the few developing countries who have household registration system in place. This has made it an interesting case. The author uses a new survey data to apply the Appleton et al. (1999) decomposition on the offered wage gap rather than observed wage gap. Standard errors of the decomposition results are bootstrapped and a robust check using propensity score method is conducted.

Region of Origin and Rural-Urban Migration in Mexico: Some General Comments and a Case Study of Entrepreneurial Migration from the West

1971 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-338
Author(s):  
Jack R. Rollwagen
Keyword(s):  
Urban Migration ◽  
Region Of Origin ◽  
The West ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Western Mexico ◽  
Total Process ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Selection Of

This article examines the question of the representativeness of the findings on rural-urban migration in Mexico and the effect that the selection of cases from one greographical region has upon generalizations about rural-urban migration in Mexico in general. The conclusion presented is that generalizations about migration based on research in any one region of Mexico lead to biased statements concerning the total process of rural-urban migration in Mexico. Data on rural-urban migration from a village in western Mexico is presented and compared with material contained in three published studies of migration from villages in southern Mexico to illustrate region-related variations.

scholarly journals Asset or Burden: The Ethical Calculus of Care in Ulaanbaatar’s Urban Margins

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 85-101
Author(s):  
Rebecca Empson ◽  
Elizabeth Fox
Keyword(s):  
Family Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
Urban Living ◽  
Intergenerational Care ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
The City

How do family relations change in the move from rural to urban living? What are the impacts of ur­banisation on the domestic? Drawing on the ethnography of two families on the outskirts of Mongo­lia’s capital, Ulaanbaatar, this chapter tackles the intersections of urbanisation and intergenerational care, charting the effects of rural-urban migration on family lives. Although their family structures differ, Tuya and Duya each find themselves shouldering the burden of being urban female breadwin­ners. To navigate conditions of profound economic precarity, they approach their families through a lens of economic-cum-moral strategizing, which we term a form of ‘ethical calculus’. In the city, money becomes synonymous with care and family members are categorised according to a scale of asset-to-burden based on their capacity to support or increase the breadwinner’s load. A focus on the work involved in such forms of care reveals a qualitatively different approach to family ties in ur­ban Mongolia that pulls people in two directions. The first is the reconfiguration of marginal popu­lations’ relationship with the state to one that equates care with money. The second is the atomising pressure that life on Ulaanbaatar’s margins puts on the hopes and capacities of household members.

scholarly journals Patent Registration System in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
DEVI RISTA
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
File System ◽  
The State ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
System A ◽  
Patent Rights

Patent rights are a form of protection of intellectual property rights granted by the state to inventors for the results of their inventions in the field of technology, which for a certain period of time carry out their own inventions or give their consent to other parties to implement them. and the First to Invent System, a system adopted by the Indonesian government in giving patent rights to proposers, the Indonesian government refers to the First to File System. In Article 34 UUP stated "If for one of the same inventions it turns out that more than one applicant has been filed by a different applicant, only the application submitted first or first is acceptable.Keywords: Patent and Patent Registration

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