The Effect of Tricyclic Antidepressants on Cortex- and Amygdala-Kindled Seizures in the Rat

ABSTRACT:The anticonvulsant effects of amitriptyline, imipramine, nortriptyline and desipramine were tested against focal and generalized seizures, triggered from either the amygdala or the cortex in fully kindled rats. Tests were administered on a 72- or a 24-hour schedule. Significant seizure suppression was achieved with only one drug, amitriptyline, and it occurred only at toxic or near-toxic doses. The differential, low-dose suppression of amygdala-kindled seizures, reported in earlier studies, was not seen in the present experiments. It may occur only in the short-interval test paradigms used by previous experimenters.

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The anticonvulsant effects of progesterone and its metabolites on amygdala-kindled seizures in male rats

Brain Research ◽

10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.005 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 1101 (1) ◽

pp. 110-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Deborah Lonsdale ◽

Kirk Nylen ◽

W. McIntyre Burnham

Keyword(s):

Male Rats ◽

Kindled Seizures ◽

Anticonvulsant Effects

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The Anticonvulsant Effects of Vitamin E: A Further Evaluation

Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques ◽

10.1017/s0317167100042268 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 201-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Sheldon L. Levy ◽

W.M. Burnham ◽

A. Bishai ◽

Paul A. Hwang

Keyword(s):

Vitamin E ◽

Partial Epilepsy ◽

Maximal Electroshock ◽

Partial Seizures ◽

Ferrous Chloride ◽

Complex Partial Seizures ◽

Complex Partial Epilepsy ◽

Kindled Seizures ◽

Standard Animal ◽

Anticonvulsant Effects

ABSTRACT:Vitamin E (d-α-tocopherol) has proven to be a useful adjunct to anticonvulsant drugs in clinical studies. Improvement has occurred even in patients with complex partial seizures, which are often resistant to drug therapy. In animals, vitamin E is effective against ferrous chloride seizures, hyperbaric oxygen seizures and penicillin-induced seizures. It has failed, however, to show anticonvulsant effects in the standard animal models used for drug screening – the maximal electroshock and threshold pentylenetetrazol tests. The present experiments were designed to further explore the anti-epileptic actions of vitamin E in animals. Three models related to complex partial epilepsy were used: 1) the development of amygdala-kindled seizures; 2) the development of electrically-induced status in kindled animals; and 3) the development of kainic-acid seizures. Vitamin E failed to produce significant effects in any of the models.

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Ultra-low dose cannabinoid antagonist AM251 enhances cannabinoid anticonvulsant effects in the pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure in mice

Neuropharmacology ◽

10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.08.005 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 53 (6) ◽

pp. 763-770 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Shervin Gholizadeh ◽

Hamed Shafaroodi ◽

Mehdi Ghasemi ◽

Arash Bahremand ◽

Mohammad Sharifzadeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Dose ◽

Cannabinoid Antagonist ◽

Anticonvulsant Effects

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Anticonvulsant effect of A1 but not A2A adenosine receptors of piriform cortex in amygdala-kindled rats

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y07-046 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 85 (6) ◽

pp. 606-612 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Mohammad Ebrahim Rezvani ◽

Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh ◽

Yaghoub Fathollahi ◽

Mohammad Reza Palizvan

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Adenosine Receptors ◽

Piriform Cortex ◽

Anticonvulsant Effect ◽

Seizure Duration ◽

A2a Adenosine Receptors ◽

Stage 4 ◽

Kindled Seizures ◽

Anticonvulsant Effects ◽

Stimulation Of

In this study, the effect of A1 and A2A adenosine receptor activity of the piriform cortex (PC) on amygdala-kindled seizures was investigated in rats. Animals were kindled by daily electrical stimulation of the amygdala. In fully kindled rats, N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA, a selective A1 agonist), 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine (CPT, a selective A1 antagonist), CGS21680 hydrochloride (CGS, a selective A2A agonist), and ZM241385 (ZM, a selective A2A antagonist) were microinjected bilaterally into the PC. Rats were stimulated 5 min post-drug microinjection and seizure parameters were measured. Results showed that intra-PC CHA (10 and 100 μmol/L) decreased the duration of both afterdischarge and stage 5 seizure and significantly increased the latency to stage 4 seizure. Intra-PC CPT increased afterdischarge and stage 5 seizure duration at the dose of 20 μmol/L. The anticonvulsant effect of CHA (100 μmol/L) was eliminated by CPT (10 μmol/L) pretreatment. On the other hand, neither intra-PC CGS nor ZM had a significant effect on kindled seizures. These results suggest that activity of A1, but not A2A, receptors of the PC have anticonvulsant effects on kindled seizures elicited from electrical stimulation of the amygdala.

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Contingent Tolerance and Cross Tolerance to Anticonvulsant Effects in Amygdala-Kindled Seizures

Advances in Behavioral Biology - Kindling 6 ◽

10.1007/0-387-26144-3_30 ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 305-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. M. Post ◽

Z -J Zhang ◽

S. R. B. Weiss ◽

G. Xing ◽

K. Obeng

Keyword(s):

Cross Tolerance ◽

Contingent Tolerance ◽

Kindled Seizures ◽

Anticonvulsant Effects

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The Effect of Anticonvulsant Drugs on GABA-Stimulated Chloride Uptake

Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques ◽

10.1017/s031716710004868x ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 3-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J. Francis ◽

S.J. Mihic ◽

W.B. Sneddon ◽

W.M. Burnham

Keyword(s):

Gabaa Receptor ◽

Low Dose ◽

Anticonvulsant Drugs ◽

Significant Enhancement ◽

Receptor Complex ◽

Chloride Uptake ◽

Gabaa Receptor Complex ◽

Dose Effects ◽

Anticonvulsant Effects ◽

Low Dose Effects

ABSTRACT:Eight anticonvulsant drugs – including clonazepam, diazepam and phenobarbital – were tested for their effects on GABA-stimulated chloride uptake in rat cerebral cortical microsacs (unfiltered synaptoneurosomes). “Mid” and “high” therapeutic concentrations were screened, and, if significant enhancement was found, full concentration-response tests were done. In the initial screens, enhancement of GABA-stimulated uptake was found only with phenobarbital, clonazepam and diazepam. In subsequent concentration-response tests, the effects of phenobarbital were found to occur throughout the range of normal, anticonvulsant concentrations, whereas the effects of clonazepam and diazepam were observed only above the concentrations normally used for the chronic control of seizures or anxiety. These data suggest that phenobarbital's anticonvulsant effects are mediated via the GABAA receptor complex, but that the low-dose effects of the benzodiazepines may be mediated via some other mechanism.

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