Effect of ramosetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist on the severity of seizures and memory impairment in electrical amygdala kindled rats

The entorhinal cortex (EC) plays a pivotal role in epileptogenesis and seizures. EC expresses high density of serotonergic receptors, especially 5-HT3 receptors. Cognitive impairment is common among people with epilepsy. The present study investigated the role of 5-HT3 receptor on the severity of seizures and learning and memory impairment by electrical kindling of amygdala in rats. The amygdala kindling was conducted in a chronic kindling manner in male Wistar rats. In fully kindled animals, ramosetron (as a potent and selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist) was microinjected unilaterally (ad doses of 1, 10 or 100 µg/0.5 µl) into the EC 5 min before the novel object recognition (NOR) and Y-maze tests or kindling stimulations. Applying ramosetron at the concentration of 100 μg/0.5 µl (but not at 1 and 10 µg/0.5 µl) reduced afterdischarge (AD) duration and increased stage 4 latency in the kindled rats. Moreover, the obtained data from the NOR test showed that treatment by ramosetron (10 and 100 µg/0.5 µl) increased the discrimination index in the fully kindled animals. Microinjection of ramosetron (10 and 100 µg/0.5 µl) in fully kindled animals reversed the kindling induced changes in the percentage of spontaneous alternation in Y-maze task. The findings demonstrated an anticonvulsant role for a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist microinjected into the EC, therefore, suggesting an excitatory role for the EC 5-HT3 receptors in the amygdala kindling model of epilepsy. This anticonvulsive effect was accompanied with a restoring effect on cognitive behavior in NOR and Y-maze tests.

Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with stage 3/4 CKD: A meta-analysis

Introduction After stage 3 CKD, the risk of adverse cardiovascular events increased significantly. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate the cardiovascular protective effect of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with stage 3/4 CKD with different baseline kidney function or underlying diseases. Method To identify eligible trials, we systematically searched the Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane library databases from inception to April 15, 2021. The primary cardiovascular outcome was defined as a combination of cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization due to heart failure. Baseline kidney functions (stage 3a CKD: eGFR45-59mL/min per 1.73m2, stage 3b CKD: eGFR30-44mL/min per 1.73m2, stage 4 CKD: eGFR<30mL/min per 1.73m2) and underlying diseases (Type 2 diabetes, heart failure (Preserved ejection fraction or reduced ejection fraction), atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease) were used to stratify efficacy and safety outcomes. The results were subjected to a sensitivity analysis to ensure that they were reliable. Results In the present study, a total of eleven trials were included that involved a total of 27,823 patients with stage 3/4 CKD. The treatment and control groups contained 14,451 and 13,372 patients, respectively. In individuals with stage 3/4 CKD, SGLT2 inhibitors reduced the risk of primary cardiovascular outcomes by 26% (HR 0.74, [95% CI 0.69–0.80], I2 = 0.00%), by 30% in patients with stage 3a CKD (HR 0.70, [95% CI 0.59–0.84], I2 = 18.70%), by 23% in patients with stage 3b CKD (HR 0.77, [95% CI 0.66–0.90], I2 = 2.12%), and by 29% in patients with stage 4 CKD (HR 0.71, [95% CI 0.53–0.96], I2 = 0.00%). The risk of primary outcomes was reduced by 29% (HR 0.71, [95% CI 0.63–0.80], I2 = 0.00%) in patients with type 2 diabetes, by 28% (HR 0.72, [95% CI 0.56–0.93], I2 = 37.23%) in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, by 21% (HR 0.79, [95% CI 0.70–0.89], I2 = 0.00%) in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, and by 25% (HR 0.75, [95% CI 0.64–0.88], I2 = 0.00%) in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Conclusions For stage 3/4 CKD, SGLT2 inhibitors significantly decreased the risk of primary cardiovascular outcomes, and these benefits were consistent throughout the spectrum of different kidney functions, even in stage 4 CKD. There was no evidence of increased adverse outcomes across different baseline clinical complications, such as type 2 diabetes, heart failure, or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Development of a New Smartphone Application to Increase Dietary Compliance in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Aim: Nutritional therapy in chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires certain regulations in the diet of the patients. Patients’ self-management becomes possible with the development of mobile phones and their software. In the current study, a smartphone application that could be used to increase dietary compliance of CKD stage 4-5 and hemodialysis patients was developed. It is aimed that patients can control the dietary intake of energy, protein, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and fluid by using the developed mobile application. Subjects and Method: The mobile application has been developed by the researchers until the final control and test phase. Later, the final control and test phase of the developed application were carried out by 5 expert dietitians, 5 specialist doctors, and 5 hemodialysis patients. Results: The majority of the participants stated that the application was easy to use, interesting, visually well designed, contains sufficient reliable information, and that they can recommend it to other patients. Participants who examined the application also offered suggestions about the application. Conclusion: The application was updated according to the evaluations and suggestions of the participants. The final application was formed to be ready for the use of the patients.

Inventory Application Design for Optimizing Business Processes for MSMEs Nyong Group Yogyakarta

Nyong Group is one of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) located in Sleman, Yogyakarta. Nyong group has several business units, namely nyong shoes and care Yogya, shoes and care Cilacap, nyong donuts, and nyong stalls (food, snacks and chili sauce). The problems by IbM partners include; First, (1) There is no Point of Sales application that uses inventory to meet the needs of the production process or is sold again, (2) Not yet has this Inventory covering raw materials, in-process goods, and goods so (finished goods). The output targets in this program are (1) the application of point of sales applications for recording sales transactions, (2) Adding an inventory application to the created point of sales applications. The service program is carried out in 2 (two) forms; First, (1) design of a point of sales application for Nyong Group's sales transactions. Second, making an inventory application to be able to determine whether to record goods based on arrival time or the amount of stock you can determine to record goods based on arrival time or stock amount. The implementation of this program is designed in four stages of activity, namely: (1) Coordination and preparation stage (2) Design stage (3) Science and technology implementation stage (4) Evaluation and refinement stage.

Association Between Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Various Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

Objectives To compare the proportion of sensorineural hearing impairment (SHI) among patients of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3&4 with CKD stage 5. Materials and Methods This is a cross-sectional study of 30 patients with CKD stages 3 and 4 and 30 patients in stage 5. All patients had an audiological evaluation with pure tone audiometry. Results Our study had 49 males (82%) and 11 females (18%), with the age ranging from 20 to 60 years (mean: 45.13 years). The mean SHI values in stage 3&4 were 28.44 dB and in CKD stage 5 was 31.22 dB. In the right ear, the mean hearing loss in stage 3, stage 4, and stage 5 was 28.17 dB, 28.67 dB, and 31.84 dB, respectively. In the left ear, the mean SHI values in stage 3, stage 4, and stage 5 were 27.05 dB, 31.89 dB, and 30.61 dB, respectively.The mean SHI in stage 3&4 for age group 20 to 30 years was 13.66 dB, for 31 to 40 years was 26.33 dB, for 41 to 50 years was 35.18 dB, for 51 to 60 years was 37.12 dB. The mean SHI in stage 5 for the age group of 20 to 30 years was 16.48 dB, for 31 to 40 years was 28.29 dB, for 41 to 50 years was 31.82 dB, for 51 to 60 years was 34.35 dB. There was a significant correlation between hearing loss and CKD with respect to age (p < 0.001). The duration of renal illness and associated comorbidities was not a significant contributor to hearing loss in our study (p > 0.05). Conclusion As per our study, with progression in the stage of chronic kidney disease, the hearing loss also increased indicating a possible link between the two. We also noted that the hearing loss increased with the increasing age.

The analysis of word class and morphology for Stage2 and Stage 4 texts in ESLL context

This research is intended to present the writing difficulties that second language learners have encounter through their learning process. Linguists have proved that English second language learners (ESLL) face some difficulties in their writing because it is hard to understand ESLL perspectives. Many samples of ESLL writing have been examined and proved that their writing lacks some linguistic features. Coherent, accurate and creative text is the goal for English language teachers to be produced by their students. Word class (parts of speech) and morphology are the key features of language that indicate its linguistic system, especially sentence structure. The researcher tries to analyze word class and morphology in two selected texts of stage 2 and stage 4 in a second language learning center. One of the findings of this research is the use of bound grammatical morpheme (inflectional morpheme) for both texts is to some extent justifiable although the writer of S2 text makes some mistakes in producing the right word to give new meaning.

Analisa Kinerja Keuangan Bank BUMN dan Bank Swasta Berdasarkan Rasio Keuangan

This final project discusses the comparison of the financial performance of state-owned banks and private banks based on financial ratios in the 2015-2019 period. The financial ratios used consist of CAR, NPL, NIM, BOPO, ROA, ROE, and LDR. The data used in this study were obtained from published financial reports for 2015 to 2019 published by the respective banks. After passing the purposive sample stage, 4 state-owned banks and 9 private banks were obtained as samples in this study. The results of this study explain that there are differences in the financial performance of state-owned banks and private banks as measured by financial ratios. State-owned banks have better performance in terms of ROE, ROA, CAR ratios, while private banks have better performance in terms of NPL, BOPO, LDR ratios.