scholarly journals 2. On Vortex Motion

1872 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
William Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Vortex Motion ◽  
Bounding Surface ◽  
Initial Shape ◽  
Liquid Mass ◽  
Dissipation Of Energy ◽  
Surrounding Liquid ◽  
Initial Motion

AbstractThis paper is a sequel to several communications which have already appeared in the Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. It commences with an investigation of the circumstances under which a portion of an incompressible frictionless liquid, supposed to extend through all space, or through space wholly or partially bounded by a rigid solid, can be projected so as to continue to move through the surrounding liquid without change of shape; and goes on to investigate vibrations executed by a portion of liquid so projected, and slightly disturbed from the condition that gives uniformity. The greatest and least quantities of energy which a finite liquid mass of any given initial shape and any given initial motion can possess, after any variations of its bounding surface ending in the initial shape, are next investigated; and the theory of the dissipation of energy in a finite or infinite frictionless liquid is deduced.

I.—Lord Kelvin: A Centenary Tribute

1926 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
J. Alfred Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Vortex Motion ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Dissipation Of Energy ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Molecular Constitution ◽  
Lord Kelvin

In this the centenary year of Lord Kelvin's birth it is fitting that the Society should call to remembrance one who was for long its most distinguished Fellow, who first became its President at the age of thirty-nine, and was repeatedly re-elected to the office, which he held for twenty-one years in all, and who used the Society as a medium for the publication of many of his most brilliant discoveries. In the long list of his published papers there are at least one hundred and twenty items communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. No other contributor has done so much to give to our Proceedings and Transactions a world-wide and lasting fame. It was to this Society that he brought, in 1849, his account of Carnot's Theory, which marks the beginning of his study of Thermodynamics, and it was in our Transactions that he published his epochmaking series of papers on the “Dynamical Theory of Heat” from 1851 to 1854. It was here in 1852 that he propounded the doctrine of the Dissipation of Energy. It was here that his investigations of underground temperature and the secular cooling of the Earth appeared in 1860 and 1862. It was here in 1865 that he “briefly refuted” the doctrine of Uniformity in Geology. Here, too, were published his long series of papers on Vortex Motion and Vortex Atoms, from 1867 to 1881, and much of his work on the molecular constitution of matter. Here he first showed, in germ, his mariner's compass, in 1874.

scholarly journals V. On the question of dielectric hysteresis

1895 ◽  
Vol 57 (340-346) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Potential Difference ◽  
Dissipation Of Energy ◽  
The One ◽  
Rate Of Dissipation ◽  
Circuit Resistance

The condenser on which the following experiments were made is the one referred to in a paper by one of us read before the Royal Society on June 1st, 1893 (‘Roy. Soc. Proc.,’ vol. 54, p. 7). It is a rs 5-microfarad condenser of tinfoil and paraffined paper, made by Messrs, Muirhead. In the paper referred to it was shown that when it is allowed to discharge itself through a coil containing induction the rate of dissipation of energy (calculated from the damping of the oscillations that occur) is greater than that due to the resistance of i the outside circuit: the additional dissipation being equal to what would have taken place if about 59 ohms had been added to the circuit resistance. The following experiments were made with the idea of ascertaining whether this additional dissipation is the result simply of viscosity in so the dielectric of the condenser or to true hysteresis of the charge with respect to the potential difference between the condenser plates.

III. Note on internal radiation

1862 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 537-545
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Plane Surface ◽  
Arbitrary Direction ◽  
Wave Surface ◽  
Bounding Surface ◽  
Internal Radiation ◽  
The Law

In the eleventh volume of the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society p. 193, is the abstract of a paper by Mr. Balfour Stewart, in which he deduces an expression for the internal radiation in any direction within a uniaxal crystal from an equation between the radiations incident upon and emerging from a unit of area of a plane surface, having an arbitrary direction, by which the crystal is supposed to be bounded. With reference to this determination he remarks (p. 196), “But the internal radiation, if the law of exchanges be true, is clearly independent of the position of this surface, which is indeed merely employed as an expedient. This is equivalent to saying that the constants which define the position of the bounding surface must ultimately disappear from the expression for the internal radiation.” This anticipation he shows is verified in the case of the expression deduced, according to his principles, for the internal radiation within a uniaxal crystal, on the assumption that the wave-surface is the sphere and spheroid of Huygens.

scholarly journals IX. The influence of stress and strain on the physical properties of matter.— Part III. Magnetic induction (continued).—The internal friction of nickel, and cobalt, studied by means of magnetic cycles of very minute range

1891 ◽  
Vol 182 ◽  
pp. 341-369 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Friction ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Dissipation Of Energy ◽  
Ordinary Temperature ◽  
Iron Nickel ◽  
Magnetic Cycles ◽  
Permanent Rotation ◽  
Cyclic Changes

Three years ago the author had the honour of presenting to the Royal Society two memoirs relating to the internal friction of metals, as studied by the logarithmic decrement of arc of torsionally oscillating wires these were followed by a third, dealing with the effect of magnetisation on the internal friction of iron. The results recorded in these memoirs seemed to favour the view adopted by G. Wiedemann, that the main part of the dissipation of energy met with in a torsional cycle arises from the permanent rotation of the molecules about their axes , and served as an encouragement to attempt to ascertain how far the dissipation of energy which accompanies cyclic changes of magnetisation would be amenable to the laws which regulate the dissipation of energy in torsional cycles. The cyclic changes of magnetisation which attend on cyclic changes of magnetising force have been studied by Ewing and others,| but mainly for comparatively great magnetising forces—for forces, in fact, far exceeding those for which there seemed any likelihood of any simple laws holding good. Lord Rayleigh has shown, however, that when the magnetising force is sufficiently minute the ratio of induction to force (permeability) in iron, tends rapidly to a finite constant value as the force diminishes, and that the dissipation of energy in any cycle can be very simply expressed. The author proposed, therefore, to make use of very feeble magnetising forces, and to render their effects sufficiently evident by very sensitive arrangements. Since the same experiments would suffice to determine both the constant permeability mentioned above, and the dissipation of energy in any cycle, the two have been studied side by side. The metals which have been examined are iron, nickel, and cobalt; they have been tested not only at the ordinary temperature of the room but also at 100° C. Finally, the effects of mechanical stress on the constant permeability and on the dissipation of energy have received somewhat careful attention. The “ballistic” method of observation has been adopted in these researches.

III. On approach caused by vibration. A letter from Prof. Sir W. Thomson, LL. D., F. R. S., &c. to Prof. Frederick Guthrie, B. A. Communicated by Sir W. Thomson

1871 ◽  
Vol 19 (123-129) ◽  
pp. 271-273
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Vortex Motion ◽  
Fluid Pressure

Dear Sir ,—I have to-day received the 'Proceedings of the Royal Society' containing your paper "On Approach caused by Vibration," which I have read with great interest. The experiments you describe constitute very beautiful illustrations of the established theorem for fluid pressure in abstract hydro-kinetics, with which I have been much occupied in mathematical investigations connected with vortex-motion.

scholarly journals 9. The Kinetic Theory of the Dissipation of Energy

1875 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Theory ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Mathematical Language ◽  
Electric Currents ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Dissipation Of Energy ◽  
Moving Particle

In abstract dynamics the instantaneous reversal of the motion of every moving particle of a system causes the system to move backwards, each particle of it along its old path, and at the same speed as before, when again in the same position. That is to say, in mathematical language, any solution remains a solution when t is changed into – t. In physical dynamics this simple and perfect reversibility fails, on account of forces depending on friction of solids; imperfect fluidity of fluids; imperfect elasticity of solids; inequalities of temperature, and consequent conduction of heat produced by stresses in solids and fluids; imperfect magnetic retentiveness; residual electric polarisation of dielectrics; generation of heat by electric currents induced by motion; diffusion of fluids, solution of solids in fluids, and other chemical changes; and absorption of radiant heat and light. Consideration of these agencies in connection with the all-pervading law of the conservation of energy proved for them by Joule, led me twenty-three years ago to the theory of the dissipation of energy, which I communicated first to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1852, in a paper entitled “On a Universal Tendency in Nature to the Dissipation of Mechanical Energy.’

scholarly journals XX. The influence of stress and strain on the physical properties of matter

1886 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 801-837 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Resistance To Change ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Thermodynamic Theory ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Elastic Solids ◽  
Dissipation Of Energy ◽  
Spare Time

I have already had the honour of presenting to the Royal Society an account of researches carried on with a view of determining the effects of stress and strain on the elasticity and electrical resistance of metals. Side by side with these researches were conducted others on magnetic induction and thermo-electricity, and a very considerable amount of experimental detail was collected with reference to the two last physical properties of matter. The results of the last mentioned investigations have, however, now remained unpublished for several years, for it seemed desirable that, previously to publication, certain phenomena should, if this were possible, have light thrown upon them by further experiments on elasticity. More especially was I anxious to examine into the causes of the loss of energy experienced by a wire when vibrating torsionally, for the interesting memoirs of G. Wiedemann † and D. E. Hughes led me to expect that my doing so would cause some insight to be gained regarding the above-mentioned phenomena. The results of these labours, which have now occupied almost the whole of my spare time for the last three years, I offer to the Society in the hope that they may prove as interesting to others as they are to myself. Researches of . Thomson and Wiedemann. Under the title of “The Elasticity and Viscosity of Metals,” Sir W. Thomson published a memoir, the first portion of which deals with the loss of energy of a wire when vibrating under the influence of torsional elasticity. It is pointed out ( a ) that, though no change of volume or shape can be produced without dissipation of energy, because of the accompanying change of temperature, estimates founded on the thermodynamic theory of elastic solids suffice to prove that the loss of energy due to this cause is small in comparison with the whole loss of energy which has been observed in many cases of vibration, ( b ) That, as a result of experiments in which a spring was vibrated alternately in air of ordinary pressure and in the exhausted receiver of an air-pump, there is an internal resistance to its motions immensely greater than the resistance of the air. Hence it is concluded that with solids as with liquids there exists an internal resistance to change of shape depending upon the rapidity of the change . The results of Thomson’s experiments are briefly as follows:—

Tensile Failure of 55-Nitinol Wire

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 46-47
Author(s):  
F. I. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory ◽  
Shape Memory Effect ◽  
Memory Effect ◽  
Stoichiometric Composition ◽  
Tensile Failure ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Initial Shape ◽  
Nitinol Wire ◽  
Cscl Type ◽  
Shear Transformation

An interest in NiTi alloys with near stoichiometric composition (55 NiTi) has intensified since they were found to exhibit a unique mechanical shape memory effect at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory some twelve years ago (thus refered to as NITINOL alloys). Since then, the microstructural mechanisms associated with the shape memory effect have been investigated and several interesting engineering applications have appeared.The shape memory effect implies that the alloy deformed from an initial shape will spontaneously return to that initial state upon heating. This behavior is reported to be related to a diffusionless shear transformation which takes place between similar but slightly different CsCl type structures.

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