Construction of E-pH diagram and experimental study on wet synthesis of FePO4 as the precursor of cathode materials

The preparation of FePO4 as a precursor by co-precipitation method is widely used, Due to the lack of the guidance of thermodynamic theory, The prepared FePO4 often contains impurity phase, which leads to unsatisfactory performance of LiFeO4. The E-pH diagram of Fe-P-H2O system at the temperature of 25℃ were drawn through the basic E-pH principle with a number of thermodynamic data. According to the E-pH Diagram, the pH value is approximately 2.5, and the FePO4 with less impurity can be prepared by adding proper oxidant. Base on the above mentioned condition, a simple verification experiment was carried out. The results showed that the prepared iron FePO4 had fewer impurities, which provided a theoretical basis for preparing high-performance LiFeO4.

The thermodynamic theory of action potential propagation: a sound basis for unification of the physics of nerve impulses

The thermodynamic theory of action potential propagation challenges the conventional understanding of the nerve signal as an exclusively electrical phenomenon. Often misunderstood as to its basic tenets and predictions, the thermodynamic theory is virtually ignored in mainstream neuroscience. Addressing a broad audience of neuroscientists, we here attempt to stimulate interest in the theory. We do this by providing a concise overview of its background, discussion of its intimate connection to Albert Einstein’s treatment of the thermodynamics of interfaces and outlining its potential contribution to the building of a physical brain theory firmly grounded in first principles and the biophysical reality of individual nerve cells. As such, the paper does not attempt to advocate the superiority of the thermodynamic theory over any other approach to model the nerve impulse, but is meant as an open invitation to the neuroscience community to experimentally test the assumptions and predictions of the theory on their validity.

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY OF ALLOY FCC-AuCuLi AT ZERO PRESSURE

We briefly present the thermodynamic theory of FCC ternary substitutional and interstitial alloy at zero pressure derived by the statistical moment method and apply this theory to alloy AuCuLi. The thermodynamic properties of Au, AuCu and AuLi are specific cases for that of AuCuLi. We compare the thermodynamic properties of alloys AuCuSi and AuCuLi. Our calculated results of thermodynamic quantities for AuCuLi predict and orient experimental results in the future.

Theoretical Estimation of Optimal Linear Cooling Rate for PK-15 Cell Suspension

Preservation of cells during crystallization of the cell suspension is influenced by two types of damaging factors. The first type of cryoinjury occurs during the crystallization of the extracellular environment and is caused by dehydration of cells, increasing the concentration and ionic strength of extracellular and intracellular solutions. As the cooling rate rises, the damage rate of the first type decreases as a result of the reduced time of action of damaging factors. The second type of cryoinjury is intracellular crystallization, the probability of which enhances at high cooling rates, is considered the most destructive to cells. The optimal linear cooling rate for PK-15 cells is determined using a physico-mathematical model, which describes the probability of cryoinjury of cells in the linear freezing mode and is based on the two-factor theory of cryoinjury, thermodynamic theory of homogeneous crystallization and general theory of activation-type processes. The findings have shown that within the range of cooling rates < 0.5 °C/min the cryoinjury of PK-15 cells occurs mainly due to the effects of the solution, and at cooling rates > 2.5 °C/min this was mainly resulted from an intracellular crystallization. The dependence of the percentage of damaged cells on the cooling rate has a relatively wide minimum within the range of cooling rates of 0.5 °C/min… 2.5 °C/min.

From China to Japan and Back Again: An Energetic Example of Bidirectional Sino-Japanese Esoteric Buddhist Transmission

Sino-Japanese religious discourse, more often than not, is treated as a unidirectional phenomenon. Academic treatments of pre-modern East Asian religion usually portray Japan as the passive recipient of Chinese Buddhist traditions, while explorations of Buddhist modernization efforts focus on how Chinese Buddhists utilized Japanese adoptions of Western understandings of religion. This paper explores a case where Japan was simultaneously the receptor and agent by exploring the Chinese revival of Tang-dynasty Zhenyan. This revival—which I refer to as Neo-Zhenyan—was actualized by Chinese Buddhist who received empowerment (Skt. abhiṣeka) under Shingon priests in Japan in order to claim the authority to found “Zhenyan” centers in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia, and even the USA. Moreover, in addition to utilizing Japanese Buddhist sectarianism to root their lineage in the past, the first known architect of Neo-Zhenyan, Wuguang (1918–2000), used energeticism, the thermodynamic theory propagated by the German chemist Freidrich Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932; 1919 Nobel Prize for Chemistry) that was popular among early Japanese Buddhist modernists, such as Inoue Enryō (1858–1919), to portray his resurrected form of Zhenyan as the most suitable form of Buddhism for the future. Based upon the circular nature of esoteric transmission from China to Japan and back to the greater Sinosphere and the use of energeticism within Neo-Zhenyan doctrine, this paper reveals the sometimes cyclical nature of Sino-Japanese religious influence. Data were gathered by closely analyzing the writings of prominent Zhenyan leaders alongside onsite fieldwork conducted in Taiwan from 2011–2019.

Entropic Systems Biology: a Novel Thermodynamic Theory for the Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine

As a complementary and alternative medicine in the western countries for decades, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been used for more than 2000 years in China. Because of the characteristics of the philosophical style and the unknown mechanism of action, TCM sometimes has been biasedly described as "fraught with pseudoscience". From the scientific basis of the systems biology, here we promoted a novel medical model called the entropic systems medicine which could be applied to scientize TCM in future. In entropic systems medicine, TCM and Western modern biomedicine target the different variables of the entropic system. For instance, while Western modern biomedicine directly targets the phenotypes and its SOCs of macrostates, TCM differently targets the microstates, entropy and entropic force to generate SOTFs gradually causing the differentiated syndromes to be slowly rearranged. The prerequisites to modernize TCM are the entropic systems biology having been well established so that the variables could be precisely monitored and mathematically calculated.