The En Route Alternate and a Rational Basis for Contingency Fuel

A. R. Kimmins

doi:10.1017/s0373463300040911

The En Route Alternate and a Rational Basis for Contingency Fuel

Journal of Navigation ◽

10.1017/s0373463300040911 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 501-509

Author(s):

A. R. Kimmins

Keyword(s):

Rational Basis ◽

Chicago Convention ◽

Low Level

When airline fuel is calculated before flight, ‘contingency fuel’ has been included either separately or in combination in various forms over the years. The primary calculation has always been the fuel required in expected conditions to fly to the destination and thence to a nominated alternate. The next is the provision, in the words of the Air Navigation Order, of a ‘safe margin of fuel’ for contingencies. For aircraft operated under an Air Operator's Certificate, CAP 360 specifies ‘an allowance for contingencies such as errors in forecast winds and temperatures, navigational errors and ATC restrictions on altitude and route’. Also, ‘45 minutes holding reserve’ is stated to be a normally overriding requirement. The wording of CAP 360 is, perhaps intentionally, not precise but is broadly in line with Annex 6 of the ICAO Chicago Convention which requires:(i) a reserve ‘to provide for contingencies’ plus, for turbojet aircraft,(ii) 30 minutes' low level holding, plus(iii) an amount ‘to provide for the increased consumption on the occurrence of any of the potential contingencies specified…’

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Judicial Standard of Review and Webster

American Journal of Law & Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0098858800012193 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 15 (2-3) ◽

pp. 211-216

Author(s):

James Bopp ◽

Richard E. Coleson

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Health ◽

Health Services ◽

Judicial Review ◽

Rational Basis ◽

Reproductive Health Services ◽

Low Level ◽

Strict Scrutiny ◽

Constitutional Right ◽

Roe V Wade ◽

Constitutional Analysis

The necessary first step in the judicial review of any state statute is to determine the appropriate standard of review. Without resolution of this threshold issue, the court would be uncertain what constitutional analysis to employ, whether a low level of scrutiny, strict scrutiny or some intermediate standard.Thus, in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, the Court should not merely assume, without confronting, the continued viability of Roe v. Wade. Failure to reexamine Roe would depart from precedents of the Court and lead to untoward results.In determining the standard of review to be applied to the Missouri statute at issue in Webster, the Court should be guided by the analysis of Bowers v. Hardwick, and find that there is no constitutional right to abortion. Thus, the standard of review to be employed in Webster is the rational basis test. Under this test, the Missouri statute should be upheld.

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Tryptophan-Niacin Metabolism in Rat with Puromycin Aminonucleoside-Induced Nephrosis

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831.76.1.28 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 28-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Yukari Egashira ◽

Shin Nagaki ◽

Hiroo Sanada

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Urinary Excretion ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Puromycin Aminonucleoside ◽

Low Level ◽

Key Enzyme

We investigated the change of tryptophan-niacin metabolism in rats with puromycin aminonucleoside PAN-induced nephrosis, the mechanisms responsible for their change of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, and the role of the kidney in tryptophan-niacin conversion. PAN-treated rats were intraperitoneally injected once with a 1.0% (w/v) solution of PAN at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. The collection of 24-hour urine was conducted 8 days after PAN injection. Daily urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, liver and blood NAD, and key enzyme activities of tryptophan-niacin metabolism were determined. In PAN-treated rats, the sum of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites was significantly lower compared with controls. The kidneyα-amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) activity in the PAN-treated group was significantly decreased by 50%, compared with the control group. Although kidney ACMSD activity was reduced, the conversion of tryptophan to niacin tended to be lower in the PAN-treated rats. A decrease in urinary excretion of niacin and the conversion of tryptophan to niacin in nephrotic rats may contribute to a low level of blood tryptophan. The role of kidney ACMSD activity may be minimal concerning tryptophan-niacin conversion under this experimental condition.

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