Protection from Primisulfuron Injury to Corn (Zea mays) and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) with Herbicide Safeners

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marulak Simarmata ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Herbicide Safeners ◽  
Significant Injury

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate and compare herbicide safeners for protection of corn and sorghum from herbicidal injury from metolachlor, primisulfuron, and the interaction of primisulfuron with terbufos, an insecticide. With the exception of CGA-133205 which killed corn, the safeners oxabetrinil, flurazole, naphthalic anhydride, dichlormid, and R-29148 protected against significant injury from the interaction between primisulfuron (40 g ai ha−1) and terbufos (9.8 kg ha−1equivalent to 750 g per 1000 m of row) and from metolachlor (6.7 kg ai ha−1). No primisulfuron-terbufos interaction was observed in sorghum and none of the safeners protected sorghum from primisulfuron injury. PRE application of the antioxidants, piperonyl butoxide and metyrapone, increased primisulfuron injury to corn. Piperonyl butoxide by itself did not influence the growth of corn seedlings, but metyrapone caused slight injury. The increased injury from piperonyl butoxide plus primisulfuron applied at 40 g ha−1was protected by naphthalic anhydride, flurazole, and R-29148, whereas at 80 g ha−1protection was provided by flurazole and R-29148. None of the safeners tested protected against increased injury from metyrapone. Naphthalic anhydride was also an effective safener against increased corn injury when 3000 ppm piperonyl butoxide was applied foliarly 3 d prior to primisulfuron application.14C-Primisulfuron absorption by corn was not influenced by piperonyl butoxide or the safener, naphthalic anhydride. However, metabolism of14C-primisulfuron was inhibited by piperonyl butoxide. This inhibition was not totally reversed by the safener, naphthalic anhydride.

Protection of Corn (Zea mays) and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) from Imazethapyr Toxicity with Antidotes

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Untreated Seed ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Corn Seed ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Corn Seedling ◽  
Corn Plants ◽  
Plant Injury

Antidotes were evaluated under greenhouse conditions for their ability to prevent injury to corn and sorghum from imazethapyr. Corn was more tolerant to imazethapyr and more effectively protected from imazethapyr toxicity than sorghum. Naphthalic anhydride (NA)3, CGA 92194, or flurazole treatment of corn seed reduced plant injury from preemergence applications of imazethapyr. Corn injury from postemergence applications of imazethapyr was decreased by seed treatment with NA or CGA 92194. Sorghum injury from preemergence applications of imazethapyr was not reduced by seed treatment with the antidotes. NA treatment of sorghum seed was the most effective antidote treatment for decreasing injury from postemergence applications of imazethapyr but the level of sorghum protection was much less than that achieved with corn. Corn seedlings grown from NA-treated and untreated seed absorbed equal amounts of14C into the roots from nutrient solution containing14C-imazethapyr. The NA-treated corn plants translocated less of the absorbed14C to the shoots than the untreated plants. NA treatment of corn seeds increased the rate of imazethapyr conversion to soluble metabolites 2-and 10-fold in the corn seedling roots and shoots, respectively. The increased rate of imazethapyr metabolism in corn following NA seed treatment may be responsible for the protection from imazethapyr toxicity.

Interactions Between SAN 582H and Selected Safeners on Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Corn (Zea mays)

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Kotoula-Syka ◽  
Kriton K. Hatzios ◽  
Sue A. Meredith
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Oxime Ether ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Seed Dressing

The efficacy of the safeners naphthalic anhydride (NA), CGA-92194, and CGA-133205 as protectants of grain sorghum and of NA, R-29148, CGA-154281, and dichlormid as protectants of corn against injury from the chloroacetamide herbicide, SAN 582H, was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. SAN 582H applied alone reduced the shoot growth of ‘Funk G522DR’ and ‘Funk G623’ sorghum, but had no effect on the growth of the ‘GP-10’ genotype of sorghum. Corn (‘Northrup-King 9283’ hybrid) was considerably more tolerant than grain sorghum to SAN 582H. The rate of SAN 582H causing 50% reduction of corn shoot height (GR50) was 5.1 kg/ha as compared to 1.1 kg/ha for grain sorghum. NA applied as seed dressing at 5 or 10 g/kg seed, provided moderate protection to ‘G522DR’ and ‘G623’ sorghum and no protection to corn against SAN 582H injury. Dressing of sorghum seeds with CGA-133205 provided moderate protection to G522DR sorghum, whereas seed-applied CGA-92194 provided moderate protection to G623 sorghum against SAN 582H. The dichloroacetamide safeners R-29148, dichlormid, and CGA-154281 were all effective as protectants of corn against SAN 582H injury. These results demonstrate that, as with other chloroacetamide herbicides, the tolerance of corn and grain sorghum to SAN 582H can be enhanced with the use of safeners of the dichloroacetamide type and oxime ether type, respectively.

Interactions of Tribenuron with Four Safeners and Piperonyl Butoxide on Corn (Zea mays)

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Kotoula-Syka ◽  
Kriton K. Hatzios
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Partial Protection ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Corn Root ◽  
Oxidative Reactions

The efficacy of the safeners naphthalic anhydride (NA), R-29148, benoxacor, and dichlormid as protectants of corn against injury from the methyl ester of tribenuron was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Tribenuron applied alone reduced the root length of both ‘Pioneer 3180’ and ‘Northrup-King 9283’ corn. The concentration of tribenuron causing 50% reduction of corn root length (GR50) was 1 μM. NA applied as a seed dressing at 0.5 and 1.0% (w/w) was the most effective of the four safeners tested and provided excellent protection to both corn hybrids against 1, 2, and 4 μM tribenuron. Soaking corn seeds in an aqueous solution of R-29148 containing 0.5,1, or 2 mM protected ‘Pioneer 3180’ against 1 μM of tribenuron. The safening efficacy of R-29148 against tribenuron injury to ‘Northrup-King 9283’ corn was limited. Dichlormid and benoxacor, were less effective as tribenuron safeners and offered partial protection to both corn hybrids. Individual applications of the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) at 0.1 and 0.2 mM did not affect the growth of corn seedlings. PBO synergized the activity of all concentrations of tribenuron, but only on the ‘Northrup-King 9283’ hybrid. These results demonstrate that the tolerance of corn to tribenuron can be enhanced with the use of safeners such as NA and R-29148, and that oxidative reactions may be involved in the metabolism of tribenuron by corn.

Reduction of Imazaquin Injury to Corn (Zea mays) and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) by Antidotes

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
Injury Treatment ◽  
Plant Injury ◽  
Injury Protection

Antidotes were evaluated for their ability to prevent corn and sorghum injury caused by imazaquin. Plant injury was reduced in both preemergence and early postemergence imazaquin applications. Naphthalic anhydride (NA) seed treatment was the most consistent compound in reducing the imazaquin injury. Seed treatment with CGA 92194 or flurazole also gave injury protection to corn and sorghum, while soil treatment with dichlormid provided the least protection from imazaquin injury. Treatment with the antidotes did not affect the acetolactate synthase (ALS) (EC4.1.3.18) activity in corn or sorghum tissues. Imazaquin treatments decreased extractable ALS activity but this decrease was eliminated, partially or totally, by the most effective antidotes. Antidote treatments had little effect on absorption and distribution of14C in plants growing in soil treated with14C-imazaquin. Antidote treatments increased the metabolism of14C-imazaquin to both soluble and unextractable14C after 24 h of exposure. The increased rate of imazaquin conversion to less toxic metabolites when antidotes were used resulted in a reduction in imazaquin injury to corn and sorghum.

scholarly journals Macrofauna edáfica associada a plantas de cobertura em plantio direto em um Latossolo Vermelho do Cerrado

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenio Guimarães Santos ◽  
Pedro Marques da Silveira ◽  
Robélio Leandro Marchão ◽  
Thierry Becquer ◽  
Luiz Carlos Balbino
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Crotalaria Juncea ◽  
Stylosanthes Guianensis

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a macrofauna edáfica e avaliar o efeito de plantas de cobertura em plantio direto, nos principais grupos da macrofauna do solo, em duas épocas de avaliação em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com oito tratamentos (plantas de cobertura) e quatro repetições. As plantas de cobertura: Crotalaria juncea, guandu-anão (Cajanus cajan), Stylosanthes guianensis, Brachiaria brizantha, B. brizantha consorciada com milho (Zea mays), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum), mombaça (Panicum maximum) e Sorghum bicolor foram cultivadas de novembro a abril. Em setembro de cada ano, foi realizado o plantio de feijão, em cultivo irrigado por pivô central. A área útil em cada parcela foi de 60 m². Amostras de solo na forma de monólitos (25x25 cm) foram retiradas aleatoriamente em cada parcela, para contagem da macrofauna, às profundidades de 0-10 cm e 10-20 cm, em abril e em setembro de 2005. Os grupos taxonômicos, identificados em ordem decrescente de densidade relativa, são: Formicidae, Oligochaeta, Dermaptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Miriapoda, Isoptera, Araneae, Lepidoptera, Blattodea e larvas de Diptera. Crotalaria juncea apresentou maior densidade de macrofauna, seguida por B. Brizantha, B. Brizantha consorciada com milho, Sorghum bicolor, Stylosanthes guianensis, Cajanus Cajans, Pennisetum Glaucum e Panicum maximum. O uso das plantas de cobertura, associado à irrigação na avaliação de setembro, favorece a colonização do solo pela macrofauna.

scholarly journals Evapotranspiração do feijoeiro irrigado em plantio direto sobre diferentes palhadas de culturas de cobertura

2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Fernando Stone ◽  
Pedro Marques da Silveira ◽  
José Aloísio Alves Moreira ◽  
Antônio Joaquim Braga Pereira Braz
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha ◽  
Crotalaria Juncea ◽  
Stylosanthes Guianensis ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito das palhadas de diferentes culturas de cobertura na evapotranspiração do feijoeiro irrigado cultivar Pérola. O experimento foi conduzido por dois anos, 2002/2003 e 2003/2004, na Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, em Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. No primeiro ano, os tratamentos consistiram de sete culturas de cobertura, conduzidas em plantio direto: braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu); milho (Zea mays L.) consorciado com braquiária; guandu anão (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millisp); milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. cv. BN-2); mombaça (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça); sorgo granífero (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. BR 304); e estilosantes (Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirão). No segundo ano, foi acrescentada a crotalária (Crotalaria juncea L.). A evapotranspiração, durante o ciclo do feijoeiro, foi determinada pela metodologia do balanço hídrico de campo e variou de 259,8 a 343,7 mm, dependendo da cultura de cobertura e do ano. As palhadas de braquiária e mombaça, pela maior produção de matéria seca, propiciaram as menores perdas de água por evapotranspiração. As maiores diferenças entre as palhadas das culturas de cobertura, com relação à evapotranspiração do feijoeiro, ocorrem nos estádios iniciais e finais do ciclo.

scholarly journals Consumo e Digestibilidade Aparente das Silagens de Milho (Zea mays L.), Sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) e Girassol (Helianthus annuus L.)

2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivone Yurika Mizubuti ◽  
Edson Luís de Azambuja Ribeiro ◽  
Marco Antônio da Rocha ◽  
Leandro das Dores Ferreira da Silva ◽  
Andréa Pereira Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Helianthus Annuus L ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

O ensaio foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar o consumo médio diário (CMD) e o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) dos nutrientes das silagens de milho, sorgo e girassol, em ovinos, e avaliar o balanço de nitrogênio. Foram utilizados nove ovinos machos, castrados, em um delineamento em quadrado latino 3x3 (três tratamentos e três períodos), alojados em gaiolas metabólicas. O CMD de matéria seca (MS), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e proteína bruta (PB) das silagens de milho e girassol não diferiram entre si. O CMD de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e extrato etéreo (EE) foram maiores para as silagens de milho e girassol, respectivamente. Os CDA da MS e EE foram maiores para a silagem de girassol e menores para a silagem de sorgo. Os CDA da FDN e PB foram similares para todas as silagens.

Effects of CGA-43089 on Responses of Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) to Metolachlor Combined by Ozone or Antioxidants

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kriton K. Hatzios
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Propyl Gallate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Combination Treatments

In greenhouse studies, the potential interactive effects of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] treatments combined with the air pollutant ozone (O3) or the antioxidants, piperonyl butoxide {α-[2-butoxyethyl) ethoxy]-4,5-dimethylenedioxy-2-propyltoluene} andn-propyl gallate, on the growth of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench ‘Funk G522DR’] seedlings that were protected or unprotected with the antidote, CGA-43089 [α-(cyanomethoximino)-benzacetonitrile], were examined. Metolachlor was applied preplant incorporated at rates of 2.2, 3.9, and 5.6 kg/ha, and it was evaluated against fumigation with O3at 0.2 and 0.3 ppmv or against 4.9, 6.7, and 9.0 kg/ha of each antioxidant applied preplant incorporated. In combination treatments, shoot dry weight at 30 days after planting was reduced more than expected by metolachlor in the presence of the protectant CGA-43089 and ozone or some rates of the two antioxidants, suggesting synergism. In the absence of the protectant, CGA-43089, growth responses of sorghum to combination treatments of metolachlor with ozone or propyl gallate suggested an additive effect, although some treatments of metolachlor combined with piperonyl butoxide interacted synergistically.

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