scholarly journals Prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against West Nile virus (WNV) in monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi and Alouatta pigra) and crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus and C. acutus–C. moreletti hybrids) in Mexico

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (11) ◽  
pp. 2371-2373 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. LOZA-RUBIO ◽  
E. ROJAS-ANAYA ◽  
R. DEL C. LÓPEZ-RAMÍREZ ◽  
J. C. SAIZ ◽  
E. ESCRIBANO-ROMERO
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Alouatta Pigra ◽  
Ateles Geoffroyi ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Wild Fauna ◽  
Crocodylus Acutus ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Serological Studies

SUMMARYWest Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne neurotropic viral pathogen maintained in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes (vectors) and birds (natural hosts) with equids, humans, and other vertebrates acting as dead-end hosts. WNV activity in Mexico has been reported in several domestic and wild fauna and in humans, and the virus has been isolated from birds, mosquitoes, and humans. However, no serological studies have been conducted in monkeys, and only two in a limited number of crocodiles (Crocodylus moreletii). Here we present data on the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against WNV in 53 healthy wild monkeys (49 Ateles geoffroyi and four Alouatta pigra), and 80 semi-captive healthy crocodiles (60 C. acutus and 20 C. acutus–C. moreletti hybrids) sampled during 2012. None of the monkey sera neutralized WNV, whereas 55% of the crocodile sera presented neutralizing antibodies against WNV. These results can contribute to the design of surveillance programmes in Mexico.

scholarly journals Characterization of neutralizing antibodies to West Nile virus

Virology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 336 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa D. Sánchez ◽  
Theodore C. Pierson ◽  
Douglas McAllister ◽  
Sheri L. Hanna ◽  
Bridget A. Puffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Structural studies of West Nile virus in complex with neutralizing antibodies

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J Kuhn ◽  
Bärbel Kaufmann ◽  
Shee Mei Lok ◽  
Mick Cherrier ◽  
Rushika Perera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Induction of Neutralizing Antibodies in Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) after Administration of a Killed West Nile Virus Vaccine

2004 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell V. Palmer ◽  
W. Ray Waters ◽  
Douglas D. Pedersen ◽  
William C. Stoffregen
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals West Nile Virus: An Update on Pathobiology, Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Control and “One Health” Implications

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gervais Habarugira ◽  
Willy W. Suen ◽  
Jody Hobson-Peters ◽  
Roy A. Hall ◽  
Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
One Health ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Health Implications ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Control Programmes

West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus responsible for mild fever to severe, lethal neuroinvasive disease in humans, horses, birds, and other wildlife species. Since its discovery, WNV has caused multiple human and animal disease outbreaks in all continents, except Antarctica. Infections are associated with economic losses, mainly due to the cost of treatment of infected patients, control programmes, and loss of animals and animal products. The pathogenesis of WNV has been extensively investigated in natural hosts as well as in several animal models, including rodents, lagomorphs, birds, and reptiles. However, most of the proposed pathogenesis hypotheses remain contentious, and much remains to be elucidated. At the same time, the unavailability of specific antiviral treatment or effective and safe vaccines contribute to the perpetuation of the disease and regular occurrence of outbreaks in both endemic and non-endemic areas. Moreover, globalisation and climate change are also important drivers of the emergence and re-emergence of the virus and disease. Here, we give an update of the pathobiology, epidemiology, diagnostics, control, and “One Health” implications of WNV infection and disease.

scholarly journals Genetic characterization of Bagaza virus (BAGV) isolated in India and evidence of anti-BAGV antibodies in sera collected from encephalitis patients

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 2644-2649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay P. Bondre ◽  
Gajanan N. Sapkal ◽  
Prasanna N. Yergolkar ◽  
Pradip V. Fulmali ◽  
Vasudha Sankararaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Frame Sequence ◽  
Mosquito Pool ◽  
Kerala State

During investigations into the outbreak of encephalitis in 1996 in the Kerala state in India, an arbovirus was isolated from a Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquito pool. It was characterized as a Japanese encephalitis and West Nile virus cross-reactive arbovirus by complement fixation test. A plaque reduction–neutralization test was performed using hyperimmune sera raised against the plaque-purified arbovirus isolate. The sera did not show reactivity with Japanese encephalitis virus and were weakly reactive with West Nile virus. Complete open reading frame sequence analysis characterized the arbovirus as Bagaza virus (BAGV), with 94.80 % nucleotide identity with African BAGV strain DakAr B209. Sera collected from the encephalitic patients during the acute phase of illness showed 15 % (8/53) positivity for anti-BAGV neutralizing antibodies. This is the first report of the isolation of BAGV from India. The presence of anti-BAGV neutralizing antibodies suggests that the human population has been exposed to BAGV.

scholarly journals Serological evidence of West Nile Virus infection among humans in the southern Provinces of Morocco

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 999-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hicham El Rhaffouli ◽  
Idriss Lahlou-Amine ◽  
Chafiqua Loutfi ◽  
Abdellilah Laraqui ◽  
Tahar Bajjou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
West Nile Virus Infection ◽  
Serological Evidence ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Specific Antibodies

Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of West Nile Virus infection in the southern provinces of Morocco. Methodology: A total of 250 sera, collected during 2012 in the province of Dakhla, were analyzed by microneutralisation assay. Results: WNV-neutralizing antibodies were detected in 13 samples (5.2%). The participants with WNV-specific antibodies were significantly younger than the rest of the population (p = 0.009). The positivity rate was higher among women (6.3%) than men (3.6%) (p = 0.26). Conclusions: This is the first serological evidence of WNV infection among humans in the southern provinces of Morocco.

scholarly journals trans-Packaged West Nile Virus-Like Particles: Infectious Properties In Vitro and in Infected Mosquito Vectors

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (21) ◽  
pp. 11605-11614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Scholle ◽  
Yvette A. Girard ◽  
Qizu Zhao ◽  
Stephen Higgs ◽  
Peter W. Mason
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Infected Mosquito ◽  
Wild Type Virus ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Subgenomic Replicon ◽  
Virus Like Particles

ABSTRACT A trans-packaging system for West Nile virus (WNV) subgenomic replicon RNAs (repRNAs), deleted for the structural coding region, was developed. WNV repRNAs were efficiently encapsidated by the WNV C/prM/E structural proteins expressed in trans from replication-competent, noncytopathic Sindbis virus-derived RNAs. Infectious virus-like particles (VLPs) were produced in titers of up to 109 infectious units/ml. WNV VLPs established a single round of infection in a variety of different cell lines without production of progeny virions. The infectious properties of WNV and VLPs were indistinguishable when efficiencies of infection of a number of different cell lines and inhibition of infection by neutralizing antibodies were determined. To investigate the usefulness of VLPs to address biological questions in vivo, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were orally and parenterally infected with VLPs, and dissected tissues were analyzed for WNV antigen expression. Antigen-positive cells in midguts of orally infected mosquitoes were detected as early as 2 days postinfection and as late as 8 days. Intrathoracic inoculation of VLPs into mosquitoes demonstrated a dose-dependent pattern of infection of secondary tissues and identified fat body, salivary glands, tracheal cells, and midgut muscle as susceptible WNV VLP infection targets. These results demonstrate that VLPs can serve as a valuable tool for the investigation of tissue tropism during the early stages of infection, where virus spread and the need for biosafety level 3 containment complicate the use of wild-type virus.

scholarly journals Induction of Epitope-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies against West Nile Virus

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (21) ◽  
pp. 11828-11839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Oliphant ◽  
Grant E. Nybakken ◽  
S. Kyle Austin ◽  
Qing Xu ◽  
Jonathan Bramson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
West Nile ◽  
E Protein ◽  
Low Levels

ABSTRACT Previous studies have established that an epitope on the lateral ridge of domain III (DIII-lr) of West Nile virus (WNV) envelope (E) protein is recognized by strongly neutralizing type-specific antibodies. In contrast, an epitope against the fusion loop in domain II (DII-fl) is recognized by flavivirus cross-reactive antibodies with less neutralizing potential. Using gain- and loss-of-function E proteins and wild-type and variant WNV reporter virus particles, we evaluated the expression pattern and activity of antibodies against the DIII-lr and DII-fl epitopes in mouse and human serum after WNV infection. In mice, immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to the DIII-lr epitope were detected at low levels at day 6 after infection. However, compared to IgG responses against other epitopes in DI and DII, which were readily detected at day 8, the development of IgG against DIII-lr epitope was delayed and did not appear consistently until day 15. This late time point is notable since almost all death after WNV infection in mice occurs by day 12. Nonetheless, at later time points, DIII-lr antibodies accumulated and comprised a significant fraction of the DIII-specific IgG response. In sera from infected humans, DIII-lr antibodies were detected at low levels and did not correlate with clinical outcome. In contrast, antibodies to the DII-fl were detected in all human serum samples and encompassed a significant percentage of the anti-E protein response. Our experiments suggest that the highly neutralizing DIII-lr IgG antibodies have little significant role in primary infection and that the antibody response of humans may be skewed toward the induction of cross-reactive, less-neutralizing antibodies.

scholarly journals Prevalence of West Nile Virus Neutralizing Antibodies in Wild Birds from the Camargue Area, Southern France

2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 766-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa Jourdain ◽  
Hervé G. Zeller ◽  
Philippe Sabatier ◽  
Séverine Murri ◽  
Yves Kayser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Southern France

scholarly journals West Nile Virus in the State of Ceará, Northeast Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1699
Author(s):  
Flávia Löwen Levy Löwen Levy Chalhoub ◽  
Eudson Maia de Maia de Queiroz-Júnior ◽  
Bruna Holanda Holanda Duarte ◽  
Marcos Eielson Pinheiro de Eielson Pinheiro de Sá ◽  
Pedro Cerqueira Cerqueira Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
The State ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Domestic Birds ◽  
Free Ranging

In June 2019, a horse with neurological disorder was diagnosed with West Nile virus (WNV) in Boa Viagem, a municipality in the state of Ceará, northeast Brazil. A multi-institutional task force coordinated by the Brazilian Ministry of Health was deployed to the area for case investigation. A total of 513 biological samples from 78 humans, 157 domestic animals and 278 free-ranging wild birds, as well as 853 adult mosquitoes of 22 species were tested for WNV by highly specific serological and/or molecular tests. No active circulation of WNV was detected in vertebrates or mosquitoes by molecular methods. Previous exposure to WNV was confirmed by seroconversion in domestic birds and by the detection of specific neutralizing antibodies in 44% (11/25) of equids, 20.9% (14/67) of domestic birds, 4.7% (13/278) of free-ranging wild birds, 2.6% (2/78) of humans, and 1.5% (1/65) of small ruminants. Results indicate that not only equines but also humans and different species of domestic animals and wild birds were locally exposed to WNV. The detection of neutralizing antibodies for WNV in free-ranging individuals of abundant passerine species suggests that birds commonly found in the region may have been involved as amplifying hosts in local transmission cycles of WNV.

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