scholarly journals West Nile Virus: An Update on Pathobiology, Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Control and “One Health” Implications

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gervais Habarugira ◽  
Willy W. Suen ◽  
Jody Hobson-Peters ◽  
Roy A. Hall ◽  
Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
One Health ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Health Implications ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Control Programmes

West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus responsible for mild fever to severe, lethal neuroinvasive disease in humans, horses, birds, and other wildlife species. Since its discovery, WNV has caused multiple human and animal disease outbreaks in all continents, except Antarctica. Infections are associated with economic losses, mainly due to the cost of treatment of infected patients, control programmes, and loss of animals and animal products. The pathogenesis of WNV has been extensively investigated in natural hosts as well as in several animal models, including rodents, lagomorphs, birds, and reptiles. However, most of the proposed pathogenesis hypotheses remain contentious, and much remains to be elucidated. At the same time, the unavailability of specific antiviral treatment or effective and safe vaccines contribute to the perpetuation of the disease and regular occurrence of outbreaks in both endemic and non-endemic areas. Moreover, globalisation and climate change are also important drivers of the emergence and re-emergence of the virus and disease. Here, we give an update of the pathobiology, epidemiology, diagnostics, control, and “One Health” implications of WNV infection and disease.

scholarly journals Importance of Multidisciplinary and Regional Collaboration in Integrated West Nile Virus Surveillance - the „One Health” Concept

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Vilibić-Čavlek ◽  
Dejan Vidanović ◽  
Ljubo Barbić ◽  
Pavle Jeličić ◽  
Sava Lazić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
One Health ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Virus Surveillance ◽  
Regional Collaboration ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
The One

West Nile virus (WNV) danas je jedan od najrasprostranjenijih arbovirusa. U posljednja se dva desetljeća WNV infekcije kontinuirano pojavljuju na području Europe u obliku manjih ili većih epidemija i epizootija. U ovom preglednom radu prikazujemo epidemiološke značajke WNV infekcija koje su dokazane na području Hrvatske i Srbije u kontekstu “Jednog zdravlja”. Prikazani rezultati potvrđuju značaj multidisciplinarne i regionalne suradnje u dijagnostici i praćenju ove (re-)emergentne virusne zoonoze.

Inconsistencies in reporting risk information: a pilot analysis of online news coverage of West Nile Virus

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Birnbrauer ◽  
Dennis Owen Frohlich ◽  
Debbie Treise
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Online News ◽  
Risk Information ◽  
West Nile ◽  
News Stories ◽  
The Us ◽  
Action Frame

West Nile Virus (WNV) has been reported as one of the worst epidemics in US history. This study sought to understand how WNV news stories were framed and how risk information was portrayed from its 1999 arrival in the US through the year 2012. The authors conducted a quantitative content analysis of online news articles obtained through Google News ( N = 428). The results of this analysis were compared to the CDC’s ArboNET surveillance system. The following story frames were identified in this study: action, conflict, consequence, new evidence, reassurance and uncertainty, with the action frame appearing most frequently. Risk was communicated quantitatively without context in the majority of articles, and only in 2006, the year with the third-highest reported deaths, was risk reported with statistical accuracy. The results from the analysis indicated that at-risk communities were potentially under-informed as accurate risks were not communicated. This study offers evidence about how disease outbreaks are covered in relation to actual disease surveillance data.

Detection of West Nile Virus RNA in Mosquitoes and Identification of Mosquito Blood Meals Collected at Alligator Farms in Louisiana

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isik Unlu ◽  
Wayne L. Kramer ◽  
Alma F. Roy ◽  
Lane D. Foil
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alligator Mississippiensis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Culex Nigripalpus ◽  
Coquillettidia Perturbans ◽  
Initial Source ◽  
Blood Meals

Abstract Since 2001, alligator farms in the United States have sustained substantial economic losses because of West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Once an initial infection is introduced into captive alligators, WNV can spread among animals by contaminative transmission. Some outbreaks have been linked to feeding on infected meat or the introduction of infected hatchlings, but the initial source of WNV infection has been uncertain in other outbreaks. We conducted a study to identify species composition and presence of WNV in mosquito populations associated with alligator farms in Louisiana. A second objective of this study was to identify the origin of mosquito blood meals collected at commercial alligator farms. Mosquitoes were collected from 2004 to 2006, using Centers for Disease Control light traps, gravid traps, backpack aspirators, and resting boxes. We collected a total of 58,975 mosquitoes representing 24 species. WNV was detected in 41 pools of females from 11 mosquito species: Anopheles crucians, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Coquillettidia perturbans, Culex coronator, Culex erraticus, Culex nigripalpus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Mansonia titillans, Aedes sollicitans, Psorophora columbiae, and Uranotaenia lowii. The blood meal origins of 213 field-collected mosquitoes were identified based on cytochrome B sequence identity. Alligator blood was detected in 21 mosquitoes representing six species of mosquitoes, including Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. nigripalpus. Our results showed that mosquitoes of species that are known to be competent vectors of WNV fed regularly on captive alligators. Therefore, mosquitoes probably are important in the role of transmission of WNV at alligator farms.

Transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology of West Nile virus

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley J. Blitvich
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Caribbean

AbstractWest Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus that is maintained in a bird–mosquito transmission cycle. Humans, horses and other non-avian vertebrates are usually incidental hosts, but evidence is accumulating that this might not always be the case. Historically, WNV has been associated with asymptomatic infections and sporadic disease outbreaks in humans and horses in Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia. However, since 1994, the virus has caused frequent outbreaks of severe neuroinvasive disease in humans and horses in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. In 1999, WNV underwent a dramatic expansion of its geographic range, and was reported for the first time in the Western Hemisphere during an outbreak of human and equine encephalitis in New York City. The outbreak was accompanied by extensive and unprecedented avian mortality. Since then, WNV has dispersed across the Western Hemisphere and is now found throughout the USA, Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean, and parts of Central and South America. WNV has been responsible for >27,000 human cases, >25,000 equine cases and hundreds of thousands of avian deaths in the USA but, surprisingly, there have been only sparse reports of WNV disease in vertebrates in the Caribbean and Latin America. This review summarizes our current understanding of WNV with particular emphasis on its transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology.

scholarly journals Economics of One Health: Evidence of substantial benefits of integrated West Nile virus surveillance

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
G. Paternoster ◽  
S. Babo Martins ◽  
A. Mattivi ◽  
R. Cagarelli ◽  
P. Angelini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
One Health ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Virus Surveillance

scholarly journals Intensive West Nile Virus Circulation in Serbia in 2018—Results of Integrated Surveillance Program

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1294
Author(s):  
Tamaš Petrović ◽  
Milanko Šekler ◽  
Dušan Petrić ◽  
Dejan Vidanović ◽  
Zoran Debeljak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Public Health Service ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
West Nile ◽  
The Public ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Vojvodina Province

The results of the Serbian national integrated West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance program conducted in 2018 and funded by the Serbian Veterinary Directorate are presented. The WNV surveillance program encompassed the entire territory of Serbia and was conducted by the veterinary service in collaboration with entomologists and ornithologists. The objective of the program was early detection of WNV circulation in the environment and timely reporting to the public health service and local authorities to increase clinical and mosquito control preparedness. The program was based on the detection of WNV presence in wild birds (natural hosts) and mosquitoes (virus vectors) and on serological testing of sentinel horses (WNV-specific IgM antibodies). The season 2018 was confirmed to be the season of the most intensive WNV circulation with the highest number and severity of human cases in Serbia ever reported. The most intense WNV circulation was observed in the northern and central parts of Serbia including Vojvodina Province, the Belgrade City area, and surrounding districts, where most positive samples were detected among sentinel animals, mosquitoes and wild birds. The majority of human cases were preceded by the detection of WNV circulation during the surveillance. The WNV surveillance program in 2018 showed satisfactory results in the capacity to indicate the spatial distribution of the risk for humans and sensitivity to early detection of WNV circulation in the environment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document