Efficient coding correlates with spatial frequency tuning in a model of V1 receptive field organization

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAN WILTSCHUT ◽  
FRED H. HAMKER
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Receptive Field ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Hebbian Learning ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Efficient Coding ◽  
Early Visual Processing ◽  
Field Organization ◽  
Receptive Field Organization

AbstractEfficient coding has been proposed to play an essential role in early visual processing. While several approaches used an objective function to optimize a particular aspect of efficient coding, such as the minimization of mutual information or the maximization of sparseness, we here explore how different estimates of efficient coding in a model with nonlinear dynamics and Hebbian learning determine the similarity of model receptive fields to V1 data with respect to spatial tuning. Our simulation results indicate that most measures of efficient coding correlate with the similarity of model receptive field data to V1 data, that is, optimizing the estimate of efficient coding increases the similarity of the model data to experimental data. However, the degree of the correlation varies with the different estimates of efficient coding, and in particular, the variance in the firing pattern of each cell does not predict a similarity of model and experimental data.

Two-dimensional receptive-field organization in striate cortical neurons of the cat

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Sun ◽  
A. B. Bonds
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Cortical Layers ◽  
Field Organization ◽  
Receptive Field Organization ◽  
Cortical Receptive Fields

AbstractThe two-dimensional organization of receptive fields (RFs) of 44 cells in the cat visual cortex and four cells from the cat LGN was measured by stimulation with either dots or bars of light. The light bars were presented in different positions and orientations centered on the RFs. The RFs found were arbitrarily divided into four general types: Punctate, resembling DOG filters (11%); those resembling Gabor filters (9%); elongate (36%); and multipeaked-type (44%). Elongate RFs, usually found in simple cells, could show more than one excitatory band or bifurcation of excitatory regions. Although regions inhibitory to a given stimulus transition (e.g. ON) often coincided with regions excitatory to the opposite transition (e.g. OFF), this was by no means the rule. Measurements were highly repeatable and stable over periods of at least 1 h. A comparison between measurements made with dots and with bars showed reasonable matches in about 40% of the cases. In general, bar-based measurements revealed larger RFs with more structure, especially with respect to inhibitory regions. Inactivation of lower cortical layers (V-VI) by local GABA injection was found to reduce sharpness of detail and to increase both receptive-field size and noise in upper layer cells, suggesting vertically organized RF mechanisms. Across the population, some cells bore close resemblance to theoretically proposed filters, while others had a complexity that was clearly not generalizable, to the extent that they seemed more suited to detection of specific structures. We would speculate that the broadly varying forms of cat cortical receptive fields result from developmental processes akin to those that form ocular-dominance columns, but on a smaller scale.

scholarly journals The physiological basis for the computation of direction selectivity in the Drosophila OFF pathway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giordano Ramos-Traslosheros ◽  
Marion Silies
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Motion Computation ◽  
Biological Substrate ◽  
Field Organization ◽  
Receptive Field Organization ◽  
Neuronal Computation

In Drosophila, direction-selective neurons implement a mechanism of motion computation similar to cortical neurons, using contrast-opponent receptive fields with ON and OFF subunits. It is not clear how the presynaptic circuitry of direction-selective neurons in the OFF pathway supports this computation, because all major inputs are OFF-rectified neurons. Here, we reveal the biological substrate for motion computation in the OFF pathway. Three interneurons, Tm2, Tm9 and CT1, also provide information about ON stimuli to the OFF direction-selective neuron T5 across its receptive field, supporting a contrast-opponent receptive field organization. Consistent with its prominent role in motion detection, variability in Tm9 receptive field properties is passed on to T5, and calcium decrements in Tm9 in response to ON stimuli are maintained across behavioral states, while spatial tuning is sharpened by active behavior. Together, our work shows how a key neuronal computation is implemented by its constituent neuronal circuit elements to ensure direction selectivity.

Cartesian and non-Cartesian responses in LGN, V1, and V2 cells

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 973-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.E. MAHON ◽  
R.L. DE VALOIS
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Emergent Property ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Low Aspect Ratio ◽  
Energy Models ◽  
Early Visual Processing ◽  
Relative Response ◽  
Classical Receptive Field

Cell responses to drifting Cartesian (parallel) and non-Cartesian (concentric, radial, and hyperbolic) stimuli were recorded in and beyond the classical receptive field (CRF) in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), V1, and V2 of anesthetized monkeys. Many cells were equally responsive to Cartesian and non-Cartesian, especially concentric, gratings. Around 15% of cells in each area were significantly more responsive to concentric compared to parallel gratings; however, cells significantly more responsive to parallel compared to concentric gratings were more numerous in the cortex. While many cells responded to hyperbolic and radial gratings, few were most responsive to these gratings. Cell selectivity decreased for Cartesian and increased for non-Cartesian gratings from V1 to V2 and the relative response varied as a function of stimulus extent with respect to the CRF. Complex, nonoriented, nondirectional cells with a low aspect ratio (AR) responded best to non-Cartesian gratings. These results cannot be fully explained using Gabor linear/energy models of simple and complex receptive fields (RFs) although such models predict some cells to respond equally to Cartesian and non-Cartesian gratings. Cells significantly more responsive to non-Cartesian gratings can be accounted for by CRF selectivity influenced by modulation from the nonclassical receptive field (nCRF). The present study shows that Cartesian/non-Cartesian selectivity is not an emergent property of V4 cells but is present at all levels of early visual processing being subserved by a subset of cells with specific tuning properties.

Responses and receptive-field organization of cones in perch retinas

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Burkhardt
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Small Spot ◽  
Peak Sensitivity ◽  
Hyperpolarizing Response ◽  
Field Organization ◽  
Receptive Field Organization

1. Cones in the retinas of two closely related species of perch, the walleye and sauger (S, vitreum vitreum and S. canadense), are remarkably large. This paper reports a first series of intracellular recordings obtained from 77 of these cones. 2. A small spot of light evokes a sustained hyperpolarizing response from perch cones which may exceed 10 mV in amplitude, is graded with stimulus intensity, and is markedly reduced when the spot is decentered. Most cones seem to be orange sensitive with peak sensitivity at about 600 nm. 3. Enlarging the stimulus diameter from 0.04 to 0.25 mm produces a modest increase in the hyperpolarizing response. However, larger stimuli which illuminate surrounding regions of the retina often evoke a delayed depolarizing potential which antagonizes the sustained phase of the cone's hyperpolarizing response to central illumination. 4. The outer diameter of the region of the antagonistic surround is at least 2.2 mm in extent. An annulus evokes a depolarizing response only if the central region of the receptive field is simultaneously activated. 5. The present results provide the first direct evidence that the receptive fields of cones in fish retinas have an antagonistic center-surround organization. Luminosity-type horizontal cells probably serve as the interneurons which mediate the depolarizing influence of the surround.

scholarly journals The physiological basis for contrast opponency in motion computation in Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giordano Ramos-Traslosheros ◽  
Marion Silies
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Motion Computation ◽  
Biological Substrate ◽  
Field Organization ◽  
Receptive Field Organization ◽  
Neuronal Computation

AbstractIn Drosophila, direction-selective neurons implement a mechanism of motion computation similar to cortical neurons, using contrast-opponent receptive fields with ON and OFF subfields. It is not clear how the presynaptic circuitry of direction-selective neurons in the OFF pathway supports this computation if all major inputs are OFF-rectified neurons. Here, we reveal the biological substrate for motion computation in the OFF pathway. Three interneurons, Tm2, Tm9 and CT1, provide information about ON stimuli to the OFF direction-selective neuron T5 across its receptive field, supporting a contrast-opponent receptive field organization. Consistent with its prominent role in motion detection, variability in Tm9 receptive field properties transfers to T5, and calcium decrements in Tm9 in response to ON stimuli persist across behavioral states, while spatial tuning is sharpened by active behavior. Together, our work shows how a key neuronal computation is implemented by its constituent neuronal circuit elements to ensure direction selectivity.

Development of spatial receptive-field organization and orientation selectivity in kitten striate cortex

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 1158-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. O. Braastad ◽  
P. Heggelund
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Orientation Selectivity ◽  
Half Width ◽  
Orientation Tuning ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Tuning Curves ◽  
Field Organization ◽  
Receptive Field Organization

The functional organization of the receptive field of neurons in striate cortex of kittens from 8 days to 3 mo of age was studied by extracellular recordings. A quantitative dual-stimulus technique was used, which allowed for analysis of both enhancement and suppression zones in the receptive field. Furthermore the development of orientation selectivity was studied quantitatively in the same cells. Already in the youngest kittens the receptive fields were spatially organized like adult fields, with a central zone and adjacent flanks that responded in opposite manner to the light stimulus. The relative suppression in the subzones was as strong as in adult cells. Both simple and complex cells were found from 8 days. The receptive fields were like magnified adult fields. The width of the dominant discharge-field zone and the distance between the positions giving maximum discharge and maximum suppression decreased with age in the same proportions. The decrease could be explained by a corresponding decrease of the receptive-field-center size of retinal ganglion cells. Forty percent of the cells were orientation selective before 2 wk, and the fraction increased to 94% at 4 wk. Cells whose responses could be attenuated to at least half of the maximal response by changes of slit orientation were termed orientation selective. The half-width of the orientation-tuning curves narrowed during the first 5 wk, and this change was most marked in simple cells. The ability of the cells to discriminate between orientations in statistical terms was weak in the youngest kittens due to a large response variability, and showed a more pronounced development than the half-width did. The orientation-tuning curves were fitted by an exponential function, which showed the shape to be adultlike in all age groups. Two kittens were dark reared until recording at 1 mo of age. The spatial receptive-field organization and the orientation selectivity in these kittens were similar to normal-reared kittens at 1 mo. The responsivity of the cells of the dark-reared kittens was lower, and the latency before firing was longer than in the normal-reared kittens of the same age, and these response properties were more similar to those in 1- to 2-wk-old normal kittens. Our results indicate that the spatial organization of the receptive field is innate in most cells and that visual experience is unnecessary for the organization to be maintained and for the receptive-field width to mature during the first month postnatally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Early visual experience and the receptive-field organization of optic flow processing interneurons in the fly motion pathway

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATJA KARMEIER ◽  
RICO TABOR ◽  
MARTIN EGELHAAF ◽  
HOLGER G. KRAPP
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Complete Darkness ◽  
Field Organization ◽  
Receptive Field Organization

The distribution of local preferred directions and motion sensitivities within the receptive fields of so-called tangential neurons in the fly visual system was previously found to match optic flow fields as induced by certain self-motions. The complex receptive-field organization of the tangential neurons and the recent evidence showing that the orderly development of the fly's peripheral visual system depends on visual experience led us to investigate whether or not early visual input is required to establish the functional receptive-field properties of such tangential neurons. In electrophysiological investigations of two identified tangential neurons, it turned out that dark-hatched flies which were kept in complete darkness for 2 days develop basically the same receptive-field organization as flies which were raised under seasonal light/dark conditions and were free to move in their cages. We did not find any evidence that the development of the sophisticated receptive-field organization of tangential neurons depends on sensory experience. Instead, the input to the tangential neurons seems to be “hardwired” and the specificity of these cells to optic flow induced during self-motions of the animal may have evolved on a phylogenetical time scale.

Role of Inhibition in Cortical Reorganization of the Adult Raccoon Revealed by Microiontophoretic Blockade of GABAAReceptors

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liisa Tremere ◽  
T. Philip Hicks ◽  
Douglas D. Rasmusson
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Cortical Reorganization ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Simple Expansion ◽  
Field Organization ◽  
Subcortical Regions ◽  
Continuous Fields ◽  
Receptive Field Organization

Cortical reorganization was induced by amputation of the 4th digit in 11 adult raccoons. Animals were studied at various intervals, ranging from 2 to 37 wk, after amputation. Recordings were made from a total of 129 neurons in the deafferented cortical region using multibarrel micropipettes. Several types of receptive fields were described in reorganized cortex: restricted fields were similar in size to the normal receptive fields in nonamputated animals; multi-regional fields included sensitive regions on both adjacent digits and/or the underlying palm and were either continuous over the entire field or consisted of split fields. The proportion of neurons with restricted fields increased with time after amputation and was greater than previously found in subcortical regions. A GABAAreceptor antagonist (bicuculline methiodide), glutamate, and GABA were administered iontophoretically to these neurons while determining their receptive fields and thresholds. Bicuculline administration resulted in expansion of the receptive field in 60% of the 93 neurons with cutaneous fields. In most cases (33 neurons) this consisted of a simple expansion around the borders of the predrug receptive field, and the average expansion (426%) was not different from that seen in nonamputated animals. In some neurons ( n = 4), bicuculline produced an expansion from one digit onto the adjacent palm or another digit, an effect never seen in control animals. Bicuculline also changed the split fields of seven neurons into continuous fields by exposing a responsive region between the split fields. Finally, bicuculline changed the internal receptive field organization of 10 neurons by revealing subfields with reduced thresholds. In contrast to the situation in nonamputated animals, iontophoretic administration of glutamate also produced receptive field expansion in some neurons ( n = 6), but the size and/or shape of the change was different from that produced by bicuculline, indicating that the effects of bicuculline were not due to an overall facilitation of neuronal activity. These results are consistent with the hypotheses that an important component of long-term cortical reorganization is the gradual reduction in effective receptive field size and that intracortical inhibitory networks are partially responsible for these changes.

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