Leopard seal predation rates at penguin colonies of different size

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID G. AINLEY ◽  
GRANT BALLARD ◽  
BRIAN J. KARL ◽  
KATIE M. DUGGER
Keyword(s):  
Full Range ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Leopard Seal ◽  
Pygoscelis Adeliae ◽  
Hydrurga Leptonyx ◽  
Adélie Penguins ◽  
Penguin Species ◽  
Predation Rates

In a study designed to elucidate the factors that might differentially affect the well being and biology of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) that breed in colonies of different size, we investigated the predation rates on penguins by leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) over a period of six years. The study colonies varied in size across the full range for this penguin species, contrasting with previous studies in which data were gathered only at very large colonies, and only in single years. The number of seals present varied directly with the amount of penguin traffic in the areas near the beach, where most predation takes place. Seals were present persistently only when penguin traffic exceeded about 250 penguins per hour. Predation rates also varied with penguin traffic in a curvilinear fashion, leveling off where traffic exceeded about 1200 penguins per hour. With respect to predation, it appears to be advantageous for Adélie penguins to nest in very small or very large colonies. At large colonies, the number of penguins moving to and from the colony ‘swamp’ the seals' predatory efforts, thus reducing the chances that an individual penguin will be taken. Small colonies are of little interest to the seals.

Predation of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) by leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) in Prydz Bay, Antarctica

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1001-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Rogers ◽  
M. M. Bryden
Keyword(s):  
Prydz Bay ◽  
Pygoscelis Adeliae ◽  
Hydrurga Leptonyx ◽  
Fast Ice ◽  
Ice Edge ◽  
Adélie Penguins

The behaviour of leopard seals, Hydrurga leptonyx, feeding on Adélie penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae, was investigated between November 1993 and January 1994 in Prydz Bay, Antarctica. The seals were distributed along the fast-ice edge in locations where departing penguins congregated. Five different hunting techniques were observed, four of which were used through most of the summer. Individual leopard seals favoured specific hunting techniques. Hitherto, penguin hunting was believed to be carried out primarily by a few male seals; in this study, however, the predation observed involved many different individuals of both sexes. It is estimated that six leopard seals feeding in this area over a period of 120 days would consume 2.7% of the adult penguin population.

Seasonal occurrence of the leopard seal, Hydrurga leptonyx, in the Kerguelen Islands

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Borsa
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Occurrence ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Leopard Seal ◽  
Kerguelen Islands ◽  
Kerguelen Island ◽  
Hydrurga Leptonyx ◽  
Penguin Species ◽  
Seal Diet

Five consecutive years of observations (1982–1986), mainly along the eastern coast of Kerguelen Island, indicate a seasonal presence of juvenile leopard seals, with a peak in September and October. Smaller numbers of adults are present throughout the year. The occurrence of leopard seals may be related to the presence and period of reproduction of different penguin species (king, gentoo, rockhopper, and macaroni penguins), which are part of the seal diet.

Maintenance of nest quality in Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae: an additional benefit to life in the center

Polar Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Morandini ◽  
Katie M. Dugger ◽  
Amélie Lescroël ◽  
Annie E. Schmidt ◽  
Grant Ballard
Keyword(s):  
Additional Benefit ◽  
Pygoscelis Adeliae ◽  
Nest Quality ◽  
Adélie Penguins

scholarly journals Lexeme Glück in German Dictionaries of the 16th — 19th Centuries: Lexicographic Representation and Interpretation of Its Conceptual Content

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Andrey Ivanov ◽  
◽  
Rimma Ivanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Spiritual Needs ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Middle High German ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Gradual Evolution

The article discusses the concept “happiness” as represented and interpreted in lexicography. The aim of the study is to compare existing theories about the origin of the word Glück, to trace the development of its semantics from one generalized meaning to a set of meanings that reflects a gradual evolution of people’s ideas about happiness, and to identify ways of representing these ideas by lexicographic means. Using methods of historical-linguistic, compara-tive, etymological, definitional, and semantic analysis, the authors examine German dictionaries and lexicons published in the period from 1513 to 1888 and establish that in those four centuries the concept “happiness,” represented in the German vocabulary by the lexeme Glück, underwent significant transformation, as material and spiritual needs of people kept changing against the background of gradual humanization of their social life, which, in its turn, led to added complexity in the semantic structure of the lexeme Glück that embodies this concept. Descriptions of the lexeme Glück in dictionaries dating from the beginning of the 16th to mid-18th century are very concise due to the type of these dictionaries (nomenclators, translated dictionaries) and do not involve detailed comments on the full range of meanings that the lexeme had. The main elements of the semantic structure of the lexeme are ‘(temporary) well-being,’ ‘bliss,’ ‘luc ,’ and ‘fortune (fate)’ (glu c fall, glu c elig eit, wol tand, zeit-liche Wolfart). Analyzing interpretations of the lexeme Glück in the mid-18th — late 19th century dictionaries, the authors conclude that the semantic structure of the lexeme became more complicated due to philosophical rethinking of the concept and its integrated dissemination through dictionaries. The etymology of the word Glüc is still unclear. It is assumed that the word appeared in the 13th century and retained a neutral meaning until the end of the Middle High German period when a positive connotation began to prevail in the semantics of the word.

scholarly journals Gastronomy unravelled by physics: Gastrophysics

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mie Thorborg Pedersen ◽  
Per Lyngs Hansen ◽  
Mathias Porsmose Clausen
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Food Science ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shed Light

Useful attempts to shed light on the nature of gastronomy from a scientific point of view and to unravel the crucial connection between food, eating and well-being are currently underrepresented in the scientific literature. However, several scientific disciplines ranging from the natural to the social sciences offer valuable new perspectives on gastronomy. As one of the key disciplines in natural science, physics offers original and rigorous perspectives on all processes and structures constrained by the laws of nature. The emerging discipline called gastrophysics employs the full range of concepts, techniques and methods from physics to generate useful scientific input to the complex and holistic reflections on gastronomy. Relying on a review of the existing literature, this article illustrates how a science-based gastrophysics emerges, to a large extent from the convoluted history of food science as well as from various recent – and often overlapping – attempts to combine modern scientific methodology to questions from gastronomy. However, the present review also insists on a physics-inspired methodology to handle scale and complexity in food preparation and consumption across length scales from sub-molecular to entire foods. We exemplify how gastrophysics directly helps to develop gastronomy and how it adds to current approaches in traditional food science. We also suggest that gastrophysics may prove relevant in the context of the ongoing food transformation, which focuses strongly on sustainability, but where the importance of gastronomic aspects in this transformation is greatly needed.

Guidelines for people approaching breeding groups of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae)

Polar Record ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 34 (191) ◽  
pp. 287-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Giese
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Natural Disturbances ◽  
Measurable Effect ◽  
Pygoscelis Adeliae ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Incubation Behaviour ◽  
Breeding Groups ◽  
Least Disturbance ◽  
South Polar ◽  
Adélie Penguins

AbstractIncreases in the number of people travelling to Antarctica has led to more frequent interactions between people and Antarctic wildlife, yet the effects of visitation on the animals has received limited scientific assessment. This study conducted experiments to measure the responses of incubating Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) to controlled human approaches to determine which approach distances and approach styles caused the least disturbance to the birds. Three minimum approach distances were tested: 30, 15, and 5 m. Approaching penguins to 30 m had no measurable effect on either their behaviour or heart rate, while approaching as close as 15 m significantly elevated their heart rates above resting, undisturbed levels even though there was no behavioural indication of this response. Approaching penguins to 5 m significantly interrupted the penguins' incubation behaviour, with the potential to cause egg-cooling. Approaches to 5 m elevated heart rates above those measured when birds were undisturbed, approached to either 15 or 30 m, or exposed to ‘natural’ disturbances (that is, other penguins or south polar skuas, Catheracta maccormicki). The study also identified certain Adelie penguin behaviours that may be indicative of disturbance in response to human visitation. People visiting breeding penguins could learn to identify these behaviours, so they can monitor and modify any effects of their visit.

Review of Outcome Domains in European Mental Healthcare

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S480-S480
Author(s):  
I. Großimlinghaus
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Outcome Measurement ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Mental Healthcare ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Service Provision ◽  
Process Indicators ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Development Evaluation ◽  
Mental Health Service Provision

IntroductionQuality in mental healthcare is a complex, multifaceted construct. It can be categorized into structures, processes and outcomes. In the past decade, there have been many initiatives on the assurance and improvement of process quality through the development, evaluation and implementation of process indicators for several important process domains including, for example, continuity and coordination of care. Moreover, outcome measurement, focusing on the extend to which intended outcomes of mental health service provision are achieved, is receiving growing interest and should be pursued through a systematic approach.ObjectivesSystematic compilation of outcome domains in mental healthcare.AimsIdentification of the full range of outcome domains in mental healthcare.MethodsSystematic literature review on outcome domains in mental healthcare.ResultsA whole range of outcome domains can be identified and categorized onto a continuum ranging from ‘traditional’, objective outcome domains, such as mortality and symptomatology, to more subjective outcome domains, such as quality of life and well-being. Moreover, outcome measures in different outcome domains can be assessed taking different perspectives into account, including either the provider or the patient.ConclusionsIn order to develop and implement systematic outcome measurement in mental healthcare, a first step is the identification and systematization of outcome domains in mental healthcare. This will provide a basis for identifying important outcome domains from the perspectives of both, patients and professionals. In a next step, appropriate and important outcome measures can be identified.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

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