Asymmetric brain function, affective style, and psychopathology: The role of early experience and plasticity

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Goal Attainment ◽  
Early Experience ◽  
Frontal Asymmetry ◽  
Affective Style ◽  
Approach And Withdrawal ◽  
Over Time

AbstractA model of asymmetric contributions to the control of different subcomponents of approach- and withdrawal-related emotion and psychopathology is presented. Two major forms of positive affect are distinguished. An approach-related form arises prior to goal attainment, and another form follows goal attainment. The former is hypothesized to be associated with activation of the left prefrontal cortex. Individual differences in patterns of prefrontal activation are stable over time. Hypoactivation in this region is proposed to result in approach-related deficits and increase an individual's vulnerability to depression. Data in support of these proposals are presented. The issue of plasticity is then considered from several perspectives. Contextual factors are superimposed upon tonic individual differences and modulate the magnitude of asymmetry. Pharmacological challenges also alter patterns of frontal asymmetry. A diverse array of evidence was then reviewed that lends support to the notion that these patterns of asymmetry may be importantly influenced by early environmental factors that result in enduring changes in brain function and structure.

Utility of Intracardiac Echocardiography in the Early Experience of Transcatheter Edge to Edge Tricuspid Valve Repair

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mackram F. Eleid ◽  
Mohamad Alkhouli ◽  
Jeremy J. Thaden ◽  
Firas Zahr ◽  
Scott Chadderdon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tricuspid Regurgitation ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Early Experience ◽  
Intracardiac Echocardiography ◽  
Tricuspid Valve Repair ◽  
Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation ◽  
Mitral Repair ◽  
Novel Treatment ◽  
Over Time

Background: Tricuspid edge to edge repair (TEER) is a novel treatment for severe tricuspid regurgitation and is highly dependent on intraprocedural image quality. To date, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been the primary imaging modality used to guide TEER. The role of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) has not been assessed. The objective of this study was to describe the use and role of 2-dimensional ICE in the early experience of TEER. Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing TEER (with or without concomitant mitral repair) with off-label use of MitraClip (Abbott, Santa Clara, CA) were included in the study. Utilization of 2-dimensional ICE in comparison with TEE imaging were collected in each procedure through retrospective review of the procedural reports and images. Results: Of 42 TEER cases, ICE was used in 15 (36%) and concomitant mitral repair was performed in 37 (86%). ICE was increasingly used over time for TEER. ICE was able to visualize the tricuspid leaflets with high resolution and provided superior leaflet visualization to TEE in 40% of cases where it was used. Patients treated with ICE guidance tended to have a greater baseline severity of tricuspid regurgitation compared with patients treated with TEE guidance alone (8/15 [53%] massive or greater tricuspid regurgitation versus 6/27 [22%]; P =0.09). Degree of tricuspid regurgitation reduction was similar with TEE alone versus ICE plus TEE guidance (1.9±1.0 versus 2.1±1.1 grade reduction, P =0.28). Conclusions: ICE was increasingly used in the early experience of TEER over time. ICE facilitates leaflet visualization for grasping and is a useful adjunct to TEE during TEER.

The Development of Self-Representations During the Transition to Early Adolescence: The Role of Gender, Puberty, and School Transition

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 774-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Schaffhuser ◽  
Mathias Allemand ◽  
Beate Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Pubertal Timing ◽  
School Transition ◽  
Late Childhood ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Representation Level ◽  
Over Time

The present study investigated the development of global and domain-specific self-representations in the transition from late childhood to early adolescence and tested whether gender, puberty, and school transition help explain individual differences in change. The study was based on three measurement occasions over 2 years and included 248 adolescents (average age at T1 = 10.6 years). Findings indicated both stability and change over time. Individual differences in change were partially explained by gender and school transition. It revealed that girls experienced steeper decreasing trajectories and were more negatively affected by school transition in comparison with boys. Time-varying associations between puberty and self-representations were evident in terms of perceived pubertal timing. Findings suggest that both biological (pubertal timing) and contextual factors (school transition) play a role in explaining individual differences of self-representation level as well as their development in girls’ and boys’ transition to early adolescence.

Role of medial prefrontal cortex in a default mode of brain function

NeuroImage ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra Gusnard ◽  
Erbil Akbudak ◽  
Gordon Shulman ◽  
Marcus E. Raichle
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Default Mode

Emotion and Affective Style: Hemispheric Substrates

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Frontal Region ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Selective Activation ◽  
Affective Style ◽  
Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Electrophysiological Procedures ◽  
The Right ◽  
Approach And Withdrawal

Research on cerebral asymmetry and the experience and expression of emotion is reviewed. The studies described use electrophysiological procedures to make inferences about patterns of regional cortical activation. Such procedures have sufficient temporal resolution to be used in the study of brief emotional experiences denoted by spontaneous facial expressions. In adults and infants, the experimental arousal of positive, approach-related emotions is associated with selective activation of the left frontal region, while arousal of negative, withdrawal-related emotions is associated with selective activation of the right frontal region. Individual differences in baseline measures of frontal asymmetry are associated with dispositional mood, affective reactivity, temperament, and immune function. These studies suggest that neural systems mediating approach- and withdrawal-related emotion and action are, in part, represented in the left and right frontal regions, respectively, and that individual differences in the activation levels of these systems are associated with a coherent nomological network of associations which constitute a person's affective style.

scholarly journals Deficits in decision-making induced by parietal cortex inactivation are compensated at two time scales

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danique Jeurissen ◽  
S Shushruth ◽  
Yasmine El-Shamayleh ◽  
Gregory D Horwitz ◽  
Michael N Shadlen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Lateral Intraparietal Area ◽  
Over Time

AbstractPerceptual decisions arise through the transformation of samples of evidence into a commitment to a proposition or plan of action. Such transformation is thought to involve cortical circuits capable of computation over time scales associated with working memory, attention, and planning. Neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) are thought to play a role in all of these functions, and much of what is known about the neurobiology of decision making has been influenced by studies of LIP and its network of cortical and subcortical connections. However a causal role of neurons in LIP remains controversial. We used pharmacological and chemogenetic methods to inactivate LIP in one hemisphere of four rhesus monkeys. Inactivation produced clear biases in decisions, but the effects dissipated despite the persistence of neural inactivation, implying compensation by other unaffected areas. Compensation occurs on a rapid times scale, within an experimental session, and more gradually, across sessions. The findings resolve disparate studies and inform interpretation of focal perturbations of brain function.

Four Questions in Psychological Development

1980 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Kagan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Early Experience ◽  
Psychological Development ◽  
Mechanisms Of Change ◽  
Growth Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Traditional Doctrine

This paper deals with four major issues in developmental psychology: the preservation of structures over time, the mechanisms of change in development, the psychological growth functions for emergent competences, and the determinants of individual variation in psychological development. We emphasize the role of the maturation of the central nervous system on the emergence of cognitive competences during early development and question the traditional doctrine on the preservation of the products of early experience.

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