‘You Can't Even Call them Women’: Poles and ‘Others’ in Soviet Exile during the Second World War

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine R. Jolluck
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
New World ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
World War ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
National Group ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Second World

Hundreds of thousands of Poles were forcibly transported to the interior of the USSR after the Red Army invaded eastern Poland in 1939. These individuals, male and female, ended up in Soviet prisons, labour camps or special deportation settlements. This article examines how women interpreted and coped with this traumatic experience of exile, arguing that this entailed the articulation of a traditional, homogenous identity for Polish females. One component of this self-definition was differentiation from ‘others’, isolated on the basis of nationality. On the whole, the exiled Polish women did not feel solidarity with women of other nationalities, regardless of the fact that they too were victims of the Stalinist regime. Polish women continually linked the configuration of gender roles which they regarded as proper, civilised and even natural, to their own national group. In this way, they affirmed that they did not belong in this new world and maintained a connection to home, to what they understood to be Polish, European and civilised.

ABCs of the Revolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-291
Author(s):  
Egor A. Yesyunin
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Development History ◽  
The People ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Revolution

The article is devoted to the satirical agitation ABCs that appeared during the Civil War, which have never previously been identified by researchers as a separate type of agitation art. The ABCs, which used to have the narrow purpose of teaching children to read and write before, became a form of agitation art in the hands of artists and writers. This was facilitated by the fact that ABCs, in contrast to primers, are less loaded with educational material and, accordingly, they have more space for illustrations. The article presents the development history of the agitation ABCs, focusing in detail on four of them: V.V. Mayakovsky’s “Soviet ABC”, D.S. Moor’s “Red Army Soldier’s ABC”, A.I. Strakhov’s “ABC of the Revolution”, and M.M. Cheremnykh’s “Anti-Religious ABC”. There is also briefly considered “Our ABC”: the “TASS Posters” created by various artists during the Second World War. The article highlights the special significance of V.V. Mayakovsky’s first agitation ABC, which later became a reference point for many artists. The authors of the first satirical ABCs of the Civil War period consciously used the traditional form of popular prints, as well as ditties and sayings, in order to create images close to the people. The article focuses on the iconographic connections between the ABCs and posters in the works of D.S. Moor and M.M. Cheremnykh, who transferred their solutions from the posters to the ABCs.

Engaging Westermann and the Assumptive World

2021 ◽  
pp. 030908922110322
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Boase
Keyword(s):  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
World War ◽  
Contemporary Theory ◽  
Assumptive World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second World

The work of Claus Westermann was foundational for the modern study of lament literature in the Hebrew Bible. Westermann’s work on the Psalms arose from his experiences in the Second World War, where he learned to value both the praise and the lament elements of the Psalms. This article reconsiders Westermann’s contribution to the theology of lament in light of contemporary theory on the impact of trauma on individuals, focussing on the understanding of the impact of traumatic experience on the assumptive world of those who suffer. There are significant points of correspondence between the two, demonstrating anew the insights of Westermann’s work.

God Save the USSR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Eden
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
World War ◽  
Holy War ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Second World

God Save the USSR reviews religious life in the Soviet Union during the Second World War and shows how, as the Soviet Red Army was locked in brutal combat against the Nazis, Stalin ended the state’s violent, decades-long persecution of religion. In a stunning reversal, priests, imams, rabbis, and other religious elites—many of them newly released from the Gulag—were tasked with rallying Soviet citizens to a “Holy War” against Hitler. The book depicts the delight of some citizens, and the horror of others, as Stalin’s reversal encouraged a widespread perception that his “war on religion” was over. A revolution in Soviet religious life ensued: soldiers prayed on the battlefield; entire villages celebrated once-banned holidays; and state-backed religious leaders used their new positions to not only consolidate power over their communities but also petition for further religious freedoms. As a window on this wartime “religious revolution,” this book focuses on the Soviet Union’s Muslims, using sources in several languages (including Russian, Tatar, Bashkir, Uzbek, Persian, and Kumyk). Drawing evidence from eyewitness accounts, interviews, soldiers’ letters, frontline poetry, agents’ reports, petitions, and the words of Soviet Muslim leaders, the book argues that the religious revolution was fomented simultaneously by the state and by religious Soviet citizens: the state gave an inch, and many citizens took a mile, as atheist Soviet agents looked on in exasperation at the resurgence of unconcealed devotional life.

Un: 75 years after the Second world war

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-32
Author(s):  
L. E. Grishaeva
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Security Council ◽  
New World ◽  
International Security ◽  
Second World War ◽  
International Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
Peace And Justice ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World

October 24, 1945 as a result of long labors and aspirations, in the first phase of the anti-Hitler coalition countries, began operating international organization designed to end war, promote peace and justice and the coming of a better life for all mankind. The author writes about the history of the creation of the United Nations and contemporary issues facing it. The fact that the UN has universal competence, a wide representative composition, and its Charter is the basis of the legitimacy of decision-making on maintaining peace and strengthening international security. About conceptual approaches to reform of the UN and its main organ — the Security Council. About what allowed the UN to prevent a new world war for 75 years.

On the Brink of Bacteriological War

2018 ◽  
pp. 137-174
Author(s):  
Anthony Rimmington
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
World War ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
Second World

During the 1930s, a series of reports generated by both German and Soviet intelligence fueled increasing alarm with regard to the perceived BW capabilities allegedly being developed by their potential opponents. After the onset of the Second World War, if either side was going to break the 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibiting the use of gas and bacteriological warfare, to which they had both agreed to abide, then 1942 was the most likely year. However, a number of prominent scholars have strongly disputed Alibek’s account of the deliberate aerosol dissemination of tularemia by the Red Army at Stalingrad in the late summer of 1942. The occasional use by Soviet-supported partisans of biological agents against the German occupation forces is better documented but there is no evidence that these attacks formed part of a wider, centrally coordinated, campaign of biological sabotage by the Soviet authorities.

Red army doctrine and training on the eve of the second world war

1975 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amnon Sella
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Second World ◽  
And Training

Restructuring Reality: Signs of the Times

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-366
Author(s):  
Walter B. Mead
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
World Views ◽  
Secular Humanism ◽  
Eric Voegelin ◽  
Contemporary Writers ◽  
The Times ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Second World

It has often been pointed out that the Messianic creeds and extremist ideologies of our century represent the displacement of traditional by radically new world views. Similar and no less dramatic reconstructions of reality, implicit and explicit, are reflected in modern man's movement, evidenced most clearly since the Second World War, toward secular humanism. The purpose of this article is to explore some of the implications, both secular and religious, of this trend, and to delineate what seem to be the most conspicuous characteristics held in common by the new world views that have emerged. In doing so I must acknowledge considerable indebtedness to the preliminary explorations of several contemporary writers, notably Eric Voegelin and J. L. Talmon.

scholarly journals ON THE MAJOR TURNAROUND IN THE EAST FRONT OF WORLD WAR II (according to memoirs of German and Soviet military commanders)

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
Andrei M. Belov
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
World War ◽  
Combat Experience ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Military Commanders ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Second World

The author refers in the article to such an important aspect of the major turnaround in the East Front of the Second World War as mastering the combat experience of contemporary warfare, based on the memoirs of German and Soviet military commanders. The author concludes that if, at the initial stage, Germany’s sudden attack on the USSR and the use of a large mass of tanks and aircraft in combat led the Wehrmacht to success, by the end of 1941, the Red Army’s victory near Moscow had defi ned a turnaround in the war. The Red Army endured the worst challenges of the initial stage and began to master the methods of conducting contemporary war by Soviet military commanders. Of those commanders who advanced in the future, there were those military commanders who asserted themselves in the battles of Moscow and Stalingrad. Contemporary war required them to master the experience of guiding a large mass of equipment – tanks, aircraft – in accordance with the potential embedded in them. The formation of tank, aviation divisions, corps, armies laid the material foundation for the major turnaround in the war. The ability to anticipate the actions of the enemy and make decisions unexpected to it had become an essential component of the commanders’ experience. The experience of coordinating the actions of different fronts and branches of troops, the formation of armies possessing the latest ammunition, the proper provision with arms and other materials became the guarantee of victory around Stalingrad and Kursk, the liberation of the Ukraine on the left bank of the Dnieper and of Donbass, that is, the victories considered to be the major turnaround in the Second World War.

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