A Real Peace Tradition? Norway and the Manchurian Crisis, 1931–1934

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-36
Author(s):  
ELDRID I. MAGELI
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Commercial Partner ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
Foreign Ministry

AbstractThis article questions Norway's role as peace promoter during the Manchurian crisis in the early 1930s. It appears that Norway's attitude towards Japan was more ambiguous and less consonant with the anti-war, anti-Japanese stand hitherto assumed on the basis of Norway's performance in the League of Nations. Norway's foreign ministry was mainly interested in Norway's practical and security needs, and fairly indifferent to events unfolding in the Far East, unless these affected Norwegian economic and political interests. For Norwegian diplomats and senior officials Japan was a civilised state and an important commercial partner. Favourable disposition towards Japan led the foreign ministry in 1934 to appear to acknowledge the ascendance of Emperor Pu Yi in the puppet state Manchukuo. This created considerable embarrassment in diplomatic and political circles.

The Failure of Collective Security in the Far East——Take the Japanese Invasion of Northeast as an Example

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Zihao Chen
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
Woodrow Wilson ◽  
William Penn ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The First World War

Collective security was originally based on a reflection on the cruel reality of centuries of European international relations. 17th-century William Penn, 18th-century Saint Pierre, Rousseau, Kant, Bentham, 19th-century Saint-Simon, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson at the beginning of the 20th century and others have designed different blueprints for peace. Their peaceful ideals of "idealists" and "utopians" were adopted in the collective security theory of the 20th century. The first attempt at collective security was the establishment of the "International League" after the end of the First World War. However, because the balance of power system of the international community is declining and flourishing, and the organization has no coercive force and no clear obligations for member states to participate in military disarmament, the concept and practice of the international alliance ended in failure. Japan occupied Northeast China in 1932, and the Chinese government subsequently appealed to the League of Nations and sought help, but the League of Nations did nothing but send a delegation. Subsequently, Japan withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933, which accelerated the disintegration of the League of Nations and had to say that collective security failed in the Far East.

scholarly journals The Indian zebu in Brazilian lands

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 115-138
Author(s):  
Joana Medrado ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Single Issue ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Northern India ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
History Of ◽  
Zebu Breed

In this article we will examine the history of Brazilian cattle breeding in the early twentieth century, focusing on the transitional period of intensification of production, when the racial standardization of cattle began to be considered key to industrializing breeding practices. To this end, we consider the initiatives of a group of farmers from the far east of Minas Gerais (Mineiro Triangle), who travelled to Northern India between 1913 and 1917 to acquire bulls and cows of the zebu breed. Retracing the routes of their voyages to India thanks to the diaries and letters between these farmers in Brazil and India, we attempt to understand the role that Indian bovine cattle played in Brazil. The first farmers to make this trip moved in the sphere of the influential elites of the oligarchic Republic that was established in Brazil in 1889. This article argues that these farmers were driven by diverse factors, which could not be reduced to the single issue of an increase in economic productivity. In truth, there were political interests mainly related to the strengthening of personal prestige and the construction of a class character as “innovative cattle farmers” in a context of intra-oligarchic disputes over exerting influence in the Republican state.

Is there a regional culture in Russia? Opportunities of using a sociocultural approach in economics

2020 ◽  
pp. 108-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Bryzgalin ◽  
Е. N. Nikishina
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Regional Culture ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Geographical Patterns ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Sociocultural Approach ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Russian Universities

The paper investigates cross-cultural differences across Russian regions using the methodology of G. Hofstede. First, it discusses the most common approaches in measuring culture and the application of the Hofstede methodology in subnational studies. It identifies the critical issues in measuring culture at the regional level and suggests several strategies to address them. Secondly, the paper introduces subregional data on individualism and uncertainty avoidance using a survey of students across 27 Russian universities. The data allow to establish geographical patterns of individualism in Russia. It is demonstrated that collectivism is most prevalent in the Volga region, while individualism characteristic becomes stronger towards the Far East. The findings are robust to the inclusion of various controls and different specifications of the regression model. Finally, the paper provides a discussion about the potential of applying the sociocultural approach in economics.

The Portuguese Possessions in the Far East

1937 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-47
Author(s):  
R. G. S.
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
The Far East

The Play of Petroleum Forces in the Far East

1938 ◽  
Vol 7 (18) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter A. Radius
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
The Far East
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