scholarly journals Modifying the Neo-Classical Approach to Technology Adoption With Behavioral Science Models

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary D. Lynne
Keyword(s):  
Technology Adoption ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Utility Theory ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Classical Approach ◽  
Utility Model ◽  
Homo Oeconomicus ◽  
Science Models ◽  
Concern For Others

AbstractThe dualistic nature of humans has been recognized for centuries. The intriguing question is the extent to which the human being with her/his display of concern for others can simultaneously act as an egoist, the latter being descriptive of the homo oeconomicus rendition of the human. Multiple utility theory suggests a way to approach research on such issues. A test case of water conserving technology adoption behavior by Florida growers is examined. Empirical evidence supports moving toward an expanded version of the mono-utility or I-utility model to include a We-utility.

Application of the Expectancy Concept to Substance Use

2016 ◽  
pp. 372-386
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Peterson ◽  
Gregory T. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Expectancy Theory ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Eating Disorder Symptoms ◽  
Science Models

This chapter provides an introduction to, and overview of, substance use expectancy theory, which offers one framework to explain why individuals approach and engage in substance use behaviors. We begin with an overview of basic behavioral science models of expectancy, noting that the capacity to anticipate outcomes of behaviors, and hence choose to engage in behaviors from which one expects benefits or rewards, is central to adaptive functioning. We note the importance of the insight that this anticipation/expectancy principle can be applied to substance use. We then review models of the development of learned anticipations or expectancies of reward from substance use and consider factors that influence substance use expectancy development. We observe that longitudinal data, documenting expectancies’ prediction of subsequent addictive behaviors, and experimental data, documenting reductions in both drinking and eating disorder symptoms following expectancy reduction, speak to the functional role of expectancies in addictive behaviors.

A HYBRID, QUANTUM-CLASSICAL APPROACH FOR THE COMPUTATION OF DISLOCATION PROPERTIES IN REAL MATERIALS: METHOD, LIMITATIONS AND APPLICATIONS

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (09) ◽  
pp. 1399-1409
Author(s):  
FRANCESCA TAVAZZA ◽  
LYLE E. LEVINE ◽  
ANNE M. CHAKA
Keyword(s):  
Ab Initio ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Classical Approach ◽  
Single Vacancy ◽  
Embedded Atom ◽  
Classical Simulation ◽  
Consistent Manner ◽  
Ab Initio Approach

In this work we introduce a hybrid ab initio-classical simulation methodology designed to incorporate the chemistry into the description of phenomena that, intrinsically, require very large systems to be properly described. This hybrid approach allows us to conduct large-scale atomistic simulations with a simple classical potential (embedded atom method (EAM), for instance) while simultaneously using a more accurate ab initio approach for critical embedded regions. The coupling is made through shared atomic shells where the two atomistic modeling approaches are relaxed in an iterative, self-consistent manner. The magnitude of the incompatibility forces arising in the shared shell is analyzed, and possible terminations for the embedded region are discussed, as a way to reduce such forces. As a test case, the formation energy of a single vacancy in aluminum at different distances from an edge dislocation is studied. Results obtained using the hybrid approach are compared to those obtained using classical methods alone, and the range of validity for the classical approach is evaluated.

scholarly journals An Experimental Comparison of Risky and Riskless Choice—Limitations of Prospect Theory and Expected Utility Theory

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui-Kuan Chung ◽  
Paul Glimcher ◽  
Agnieszka Tymula
Keyword(s):  
Prospect Theory ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Expected Utility ◽  
Utility Theory ◽  
Expected Utility Theory ◽  
Experimental Comparison ◽  
Reference Dependence ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Incentive Compatible ◽  
Gain Loss

Prospect theory, used descriptively for decisions under both risk and certainty, presumes concave utility over gains and convex utility over losses; a pattern widely seen in lottery tasks. Although such discontinuous gain-loss reference-dependence is also used to model riskless choices, only limited empirical evidence supports this use. In incentive-compatible experiments, we find that gain-loss reflection effects are not observed under riskless choice as predicted by prospect theory, even while in the same subjects gain-loss reflection effects are observed under risk. Our empirical results challenge the application of choice models across both risky and riskless domains. (JEL C91, D12, D81)

scholarly journals Ethnic favouritism in Kenyan education reconsidered: when a picture is worth more than a thousand regressions

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-460
Author(s):  
Rebecca Simson ◽  
Elliott Green
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Adequate Account ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Education In Africa

ABSTRACTDoes a leader's ethnicity affect the regional distribution of basic services such as education in Africa? Several influential studies have argued in the affirmative, by using educational attainment levels to show that children who share the ethnicity of the president during their school-aged years have higher attainment than their peers. In this paper we revisit this empirical evidence and show that it rests on problematic assumptions. Some models commonly used to test for favouritism do not take adequate account of educational convergence and once this is properly accounted for the results are found to be unstable. Using Kenya as a test case, we argue that there is no conclusive evidence of ethnic favouritism in primary or secondary education, but rather a process of educational convergence among the country's larger ethnic groups. This evidence matters, as it shapes how we understand the ethnic calculus of politicians.

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