The acquisition of face and person identity information following anterior temporal lobectomy

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIA MORAN ◽  
MICHAEL SEIDENBERG ◽  
DAVE SABSEVITZ ◽  
SARA SWANSON ◽  
BRUCE HERMANN
Keyword(s):  
Learning Task ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Temporal Lobectomy ◽  
Anterior Temporal Lobectomy ◽  
Biographical Information ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Clinical Measures ◽  
Unfamiliar Faces

Thirty unilateral anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) subjects (15 right and 15 left) and 15 controls were presented a multitrial learning task in which unfamiliar faces were paired with biographical information (occupation, city location, and a person's name). Face recognition hits were similar between groups, but the right ATL group committed more false-positive errors to face foils. Both left and right ATL groups were impaired relative to controls in acquiring biographical information, but the deficit was more pronounced for the left ATL group. Recall levels also varied for the different types of biographical information; occupation was most commonly recalled followed by city name and person name. In addition, city and person name recall was more likely when occupation was also recalled. Overall, recall of biographical information was positively correlated with clinical measures of anterograde episodic memory. Findings are discussed in terms of the role of the temporal lobe and associative learning ability in the successful acquisition of new face semantic (biographical) representations. (JINS, 2005,11, 237–248.)

The role of visual experience for spatial numerical associations

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Proulx ◽  
Achille Pasqualotto ◽  
Shuichiro Taya
Keyword(s):  
Visual Experience ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Random Number Generation ◽  
Number Line ◽  
Mental Number Line ◽  
Generation Task ◽  
Congenitally Blind ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right

The topographic representation of space interacts with the mental representation of number. Evidence for such number–space relations have been reported in both synaesthetic and non-synaesthetic participants. Thus far most studies have only examined related effects in sighted participants. For example, the mental number line increases in magnitude from left to right in sighted individuals (Loetscher et al., 2008, Curr. Biol.). What is unclear is whether this association arises from innate mechanisms or requires visual experience early in life to develop in this way. Here we investigated the role of visual experience for the left to right spatial numerical association using a random number generation task in congenitally blind, late blind, and blindfolded sighted participants. Participants orally generated numbers randomly whilst turning their head to the left and right. Sighted participants generated smaller numbers when they turned their head to the left than to the right, consistent with past results. In contrast, congenitally blind participants generated smaller numbers when they turned their head to the right than to the left, exhibiting the opposite effect. The results of the late blind participants showed an intermediate profile between that of the sighted and congenitally blind participants. Visual experience early in life is therefore necessary for the development of the spatial numerical association of the mental number line.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE RIGHT AND LEFT MESIAL TEMPORAL LOBES TO MUSIC MEMORY: EVIDENCE FROM MELODIC LEARNING DIFFICULTIES

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARAH J. WILSON ◽  
MICHAEL M. SALING
Keyword(s):  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Learning Curves ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Temporal Lobes ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Mesial Temporal Lobe ◽  
The Right ◽  
Musical Context

THE AIM OF THIS STUDY WAS TO ASSESS the effects of left- and right-sided MTL damage on melodic memory using a newly developed arbitrary relational learning task. Participants included patients with MTL damage, patient controls,musicians, and musician controls. The learning curves of these groups showed striking differences, with right MTL patients failing to learn tonal (easy) melody pairs. Both patient groups had difficulty learning nontonal (hard) pairs. Performance was greatest for the musicians, particularly for the nontonal melody pairs. These differences were not primarily attributable to pitch discrimination or pitch working memory impairments. The findings point to differential contributions of the left and right mesial temporal lobes to melodic memory, with specificity of the right mesial temporal lobe emerging for melodic learning within a tonal musical context.

Bihemispheric Language: How the Two Hemispheres Collaborate in the Processing of Language

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman D. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Linguistic Processing ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
The Right

Speech production in most people is strongly lateralized to the left hemisphere (LH), but language understanding is generally a bilateral activity. At every level of linguistic processing that has been investigated experimentally, the right hemisphere (RH) has been found to make characteristic contributions, from the processing of the affective aspects of intonation, through the appreciation of word connotations, the decoding of the meaning of metaphors and figures of speech, to the understanding of the overall coherency of verbal humour, paragraphs and short stories. If both hemispheres are indeed engaged in linguistic decoding and both processes are required to achieve a normal level of understanding, a central question concerns how the separate language functions on the left and right are integrated. This chapter reviews relevant studies on the hemispheric contributions to language processing and the role of interhemispheric communications in cognition.

Cross-modal Processing in the Occipito-temporal Cortex: A TMS Study of the Müller-Lyer Illusion

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1987-1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia Mancini ◽  
Nadia Bolognini ◽  
Emanuela Bricolo ◽  
Giuseppe Vallar
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Lateral Occipital Complex ◽  
Lyer Illusion ◽  
Superior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
The Right ◽  
Underlying Processes

The Müller-Lyer illusion occurs both in vision and in touch, and transfers cross-modally from vision to haptics [Mancini, F., Bricolo, E., & Vallar, G. Multisensory integration in the Müller-Lyer illusion: From vision to haptics. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 818–830, 2010]. Recent evidence suggests that the neural underpinnings of the Müller-Lyer illusion in the visual modality involve the bilateral lateral occipital complex (LOC) and right superior parietal cortex (SPC). Conversely, the neural correlates of the haptic and cross-modal illusions have never been investigated previously. Here we used repetitive TMS (rTMS) to address the causal role of the regions activated by the visual illusion in the generation of the visual, haptic, and cross-modal visuo-haptic illusory effects, investigating putative modality-specific versus cross-modal underlying processes. rTMS was administered to the right and the left hemisphere, over occipito-temporal cortex or SPC. rTMS over left and right occipito-temporal cortex impaired both unisensory (visual, haptic) and cross-modal processing of the illusion in a similar fashion. Conversely, rTMS interference over left and right SPC did not affect the illusion in any modality. These results demonstrate the causal involvement of bilateral occipito-temporal cortex in the representation of the visual, haptic, and cross-modal Müller-Lyer illusion, in favor of the hypothesis of shared underlying processes. This indicates that occipito-temporal cortex plays a cross-modal role in perception both of illusory and nonillusory shapes.

Defects of Learning Ability with Massive Lesions of the Temporal Lobe

1960 ◽  
Vol 106 (443) ◽  
pp. 472-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Meyer ◽  
Murray A. Falconer
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Temporal Lobectomy ◽  
Anterior Temporal Lobectomy

In previous studies of patients on whom an anterior temporal lobectomy has been performed for the relief of temporal lobe epilepsy, it has been shown that, following removal of the dominant temporal lobe, certain specific defects of cognitive functions arise which are not present after removal of the non-dominant temporal lobe (Meyer and Yates, 1955; Meyer, 1957; Meyer and Jones, 1957; Meyer, 1959). The present study has been undertaken to find out whether destruction or damage to the same region by massive lesions such as tumours and large scars would produce comparable findings.

scholarly journals Value and probability coding in a feedback-based learning task utilizing food rewards

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Tricomi ◽  
Karolina M. Lempert
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Complex Signal ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
The Right ◽  
Probability Information

For the consequences of our actions to guide behavior, the brain must represent different types of outcome-related information. For example, an outcome can be construed as negative because an expected reward was not delivered or because an outcome of low value was delivered. Thus behavioral consequences can differ in terms of the information they provide about outcome probability and value. We investigated the role of the striatum in processing probability-based and value-based negative feedback by training participants to associate cues with food rewards and then employing a selective satiety procedure to devalue one food outcome. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined brain activity related to receipt of expected rewards, receipt of devalued outcomes, omission of expected rewards, omission of devalued outcomes, and expected omissions of an outcome. Nucleus accumbens activation was greater for rewarding outcomes than devalued outcomes, but activity in this region did not correlate with the probability of reward receipt. Activation of the right caudate and putamen, however, was largest in response to rewarding outcomes relative to expected omissions of reward. The dorsal striatum (caudate and putamen) at the time of feedback also showed a parametric increase correlating with the trialwise probability of reward receipt. Our results suggest that the ventral striatum is sensitive to the motivational relevance, or subjective value, of the outcome, while the dorsal striatum codes for a more complex signal that incorporates reward probability. Value and probability information may be integrated in the dorsal striatum, to facilitate action planning and allocation of effort.

scholarly journals Effect of Repetitive Passive Movement Before Motor Skill Training on Corticospinal Excitability and Motor Learning Depend on BDNF Polymorphisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manh Van Pham ◽  
Shota Miyaguchi ◽  
Hiraku Watanabe ◽  
Kei Saito ◽  
Naofumi Otsuru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Homeostatic Plasticity ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Learning Efficiency ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
The Right

A decrease in cortical excitability tends to be easily followed by an increase induced by external stimuli via a mechanism aimed at restoring it; this phenomenon is called “homeostatic plasticity.” In recent years, although intervention methods aimed at promoting motor learning using this phenomenon have been studied, an optimal intervention method has not been established. In the present study, we examined whether subsequent motor learning can be promoted further by a repetitive passive movement, which reduces the excitability of the primary motor cortex (M1) before motor learning tasks. We also examined the relationship between motor learning and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Forty healthy subjects (Val/Val genotype, 17 subjects; Met carrier genotype, 23 subjects) participated. Subjects were divided into two groups of 20 individuals each. The first group was assigned to perform the motor learning task after an intervention consisting in the passive adduction–abduction movement of the right index finger at 5 Hz for 10 min (RPM condition), while the second group was assigned to perform the task without the passive movement (control condition). The motor learning task consisted in the visual tracking of the right index finger. The results showed that the corticospinal excitability was transiently reduced after the passive movement in the RPM condition, whereas it was increased to the level detected in the control condition after the motor learning task. Furthermore, the motor learning ability was decreased immediately after the passive movement; however, the motor performance finally improved to the level observed in the control condition. In individuals carrying the Val/Val genotype, higher motor learning was also found to be related to the more remarkable changes in corticospinal excitability caused by the RPM condition. This study revealed that the implementation of a passive movement before a motor learning tasks did not affect M1 excitatory changes and motor learning efficiency; in contrast, in subjects carrying the Val/Val polymorphism, the more significant excitatory changes in the M1 induced by the passive movement and motor learning task led to the improvement of motor learning efficiency. Our results also suggest that homeostatic plasticity occurring in the M1 is involved in this improvement.

An Exploratory TMS Study on Prefrontal Lateralization in Valence Categorization of Facial Expressions

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 282-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Ferrari ◽  
Lucile Gamond ◽  
Marcello Gallucci ◽  
Tomaso Vecchi ◽  
Zaira Cattaneo
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Left Dlpfc ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right

Abstract. Converging neuroimaging and patient data suggest that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is involved in emotional processing. However, it is still not clear whether the DLPFC in the left and right hemisphere is differentially involved in emotion recognition depending on the emotion considered. Here we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to shed light on the possible causal role of the left and right DLPFC in encoding valence of positive and negative emotional facial expressions. Participants were required to indicate whether a series of faces displayed a positive or negative expression, while TMS was delivered over the right DLPFC, the left DLPFC, and a control site (vertex). Interfering with activity in both the left and right DLPFC delayed valence categorization (compared to control stimulation) to a similar extent irrespective of emotion type. Overall, we failed to demonstrate any valence-related lateralization in the DLPFC by using TMS. Possible methodological limitations are discussed.

scholarly journals The functional anatomy of non-verbal (pitch memory) function in left and right anterior temporal lobectomy patients

2013 ◽  
Vol 115 (7) ◽  
pp. 934-943
Author(s):  
Joseph I. Tracy ◽  
R. Nick Hernandez ◽  
Sonal Mayekar ◽  
Karol Osipowicz ◽  
Brian Corbett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Function ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Temporal Lobectomy ◽  
Anterior Temporal Lobectomy ◽  
Left And Right
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