Nietzsche and Music

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 213-227
Author(s):  
Anthony Storr
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Brain Disease ◽  
General Paresis ◽  
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
The Brain

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born on 5 October 1844 and died on 25 August, 1900. From 1889 until his death eleven years later he was physically and mentally ill and incapable of work. It is almost certain that he died of the brain disease known as G.P.I., General Paralysis of the Insane, or general paresis. In the nineteenth century and well into our own era, this was a not uncommon tertiary manifestation of a syphilitic infection which might originally have been contracted many years before. Because the initial stages of syphilis can now be treated with antibiotics, general paresis is rarely seen today.

The Experimental Production of General Paralysis

1909 ◽  
Vol 55 (231) ◽  
pp. 631-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ford Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Experimental Production ◽  
General Paresis ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Tissue Changes ◽  
The Brain

Six years ago Dr. Shennan and I recorded the observations that rats which had been fed with cultures of a threading diphtheroid bacillus, isolated from the bronchus of a general paralytic, developed symptoms of paresis, which tended to go on to a fatal termination, and that the tissues of the animals showed changes resembling those that are found in cases of early general paralysis. In all of four animals in which the experiment was fully carried out the brain showed periarteritis, neuroglia proliferation and severe nerve-cell lesions. Two years ago Dr. McRae and I recorded some further experimental observations upon the effects of feeding rats with various strains of diphtheroid bacilli. A diphtheroid bacillus, which formed acid in glucose and saccharose test broths, and which was virulent to mice (Bacillus paralyticans brevis), produced very striking results in twelve animals. They developed acute or chronic forms of general paresis which went on to a fatal termination. The most marked lesions found after death were those affecting the nerve-cells of the spinal cord and brain, but in several of the animals there were also distinct periarteritis and neuroglia hypertrophy. Similar experiments with several other strains of diphtheroid bacilli, which could be classed as one or other of the two forms to which we have attached special importance, gave much less definite results. Some of the animals have not yet, however, been examined microscopically. Control animals fed with other organisms gave quite negative results. These experiments have at least shown that diphtheroid bacilli isolated from cases of general paralysis may occasionally have sufficient virulence to determine in rats, by infection through the alimentary tract, a disease in which the chief symptoms are those affecting the nervous system, and in which the tissue changes have a certain resemblance to those found in general paralysis.

CLINICAL AND NEUROLOGICAL FEATURES OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN DISEASE DURING THE STAGES OF REHABILITATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-53
Author(s):  
Rano Azizova ◽  
◽  
Umida Shamsiyeva ◽  
Mirzohid Turabbayev ◽  
Begzod Jorayev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Brain Disease ◽  
Clinical Forms ◽  
Neurological Features ◽  
Mechanisms Of Development ◽  
The Brain

Traumatic brain disease (TBHD) is a pathological process triggered by the damaging effect of mechanical energy on the brain and is characterized — with a variety of clinical forms — by the unity of etiology, pathogenetic and sanogenetic mechanisms of development and outcomes.

scholarly journals Addiction as a brain disease revised: why it still matters, and the need for consilience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Heilig ◽  
James MacKillop ◽  
Diana Martinez ◽  
Jürgen Rehm ◽  
Lorenzo Leggio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Remission ◽  
Brain Disease ◽  
Substance Addiction ◽  
Alternative Reinforcement ◽  
Sociocultural Perspectives ◽  
Compulsive Behaviors ◽  
Biological Substrate ◽  
Neural Signature ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroscience Community

AbstractThe view that substance addiction is a brain disease, although widely accepted in the neuroscience community, has become subject to acerbic criticism in recent years. These criticisms state that the brain disease view is deterministic, fails to account for heterogeneity in remission and recovery, places too much emphasis on a compulsive dimension of addiction, and that a specific neural signature of addiction has not been identified. We acknowledge that some of these criticisms have merit, but assert that the foundational premise that addiction has a neurobiological basis is fundamentally sound. We also emphasize that denying that addiction is a brain disease is a harmful standpoint since it contributes to reducing access to healthcare and treatment, the consequences of which are catastrophic. Here, we therefore address these criticisms, and in doing so provide a contemporary update of the brain disease view of addiction. We provide arguments to support this view, discuss why apparently spontaneous remission does not negate it, and how seemingly compulsive behaviors can co-exist with the sensitivity to alternative reinforcement in addiction. Most importantly, we argue that the brain is the biological substrate from which both addiction and the capacity for behavior change arise, arguing for an intensified neuroscientific study of recovery. More broadly, we propose that these disagreements reveal the need for multidisciplinary research that integrates neuroscientific, behavioral, clinical, and sociocultural perspectives.

Two Cases of Atheroma of the Blood Vessels at the Base of the Brain, with Remarks upon the Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Pathological Condition in that Affection

1870 ◽  
Vol 16 (73) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
J. T. Sabben
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
Brain Substance ◽  
The Brain

In publishing the following cases, recently under my charge, of mental derangement dependent upon atheromatous deposit in the coats of the larger cerebral arteries, without any apparent disease of the brain substance, I desire, if possible, to define the symptoms of that condition during life, so as to enable them to be distinguished from those of general paralysis, with which I believe them often to be confused.

An Incurable Lunatic

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Wuthnow
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
History Of

In the postbellum nineteenth century, institutional support for the families of the mentally ill was far less available than it would be a century later. People in these circumstances had only their own resources to depend on and perhaps the assistance they could draw up from relatives and friends. This chapter demonstrates the extent to which insanity not only separated individuals so identified from the rest of the community by institutionalizing them but also placed the families of the insane in an ambiguous status that required cultural and organizational negotiation. It presents the previously unexamined history of one family that illuminates many of the challenges that other families, individuals, and communities faced at the time. The story traces the life of a man who fought for his country, moved west with the expanding frontier, experienced a modicum of success, raised a family, and then became an incurable lunatic.

Genealogy of the Cerebral Subject

Being Brains ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Vidal ◽  
Francisco Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Cerebral Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cerebral Self ◽  
The Brain

The first chapter proposes to trace the distant roots of the cerebral subject to the late seventeenth century, and particularly to debates about the seat of the soul, the corpuscularian theory of matter, and John Locke’s philosophy of personal identity. In the wake of Locke, eighteenth century authors began to assert that the brain is the only part of the body we need to be ourselves. In the nineteenth century, this form of deterministic essentialism contributed to motivate research into brain structure and function, and in turn confirmed the brain-personhood nexus. Since then, from phrenology to functional neuroimaging, neuroscientific knowledge and representations have constituted a powerful support for prescriptive outlooks on the individual and society. “Neuroascesis,” as we call the business that sells programs of cerebral self-discipline, is a case in point, which this chapter also examines. It appeals to the brain and neuroscience as bases for its self-help recipes to enhance memory and reasoning, fight depression, anxiety and compulsions, improve sexual performance, achieve happiness, and even establish a direct contact with God. Yet underneath the neuro surface lie beliefs and even concrete instructions that can be traced to nineteenth-century hygiene manuals.

Addiction Issues in the Schools

2021 ◽  
pp. 296-314
Author(s):  
Regina Moro
Keyword(s):  
School Counselors ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Brain Disease ◽  
Behavioral Addictions ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
The Brain

This chapter explores common issues relevant to addiction that school counselors encounter in their work. Prevalence rates are introduced that provide a context for counselors to understand how common the issue is, whether it is use amongst children/adolescents or in the households the students reside. The brain disease model is explained along with common substances of addiction as well as a discussion of behavioral addictions. Direct and indirect services focused on addiction issues in the schools. Resources for further learning are included at the end of the chapter.

Multiple Enactments of the Brain Disease Model

2022 ◽  
pp. 405-415
Author(s):  
Helen Keane ◽  
David Moore ◽  
Suzanne Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Disease Model ◽  
Brain Disease ◽  
The Brain
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document