Two Cases of Atheroma of the Blood Vessels at the Base of the Brain, with Remarks upon the Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Pathological Condition in that Affection

1870 ◽  
Vol 16 (73) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
J. T. Sabben
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
Brain Substance ◽  
The Brain

In publishing the following cases, recently under my charge, of mental derangement dependent upon atheromatous deposit in the coats of the larger cerebral arteries, without any apparent disease of the brain substance, I desire, if possible, to define the symptoms of that condition during life, so as to enable them to be distinguished from those of general paralysis, with which I believe them often to be confused.

scholarly journals Contribution to the knowledge of position, flow and arterial distribution of cerebral blood vessels in foetuses 4 to 9 months of age

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
Amela Kulenović ◽  
Faruk Dilberović
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Cerebral Blood Vessels ◽  
Born Baby ◽  
Straight Flow ◽  
The Brain

We studied cerebral blood vessels in 25 fetuses of gestational age 16-36 weeks and in 10 cadavers of still-born babies by injection-corrosive method. In the early fetal life, arteries are thin with the straight flow, which is directly connected with the brain development. Progressive changes are observed in all the three cerebral arteries in 28-week old fetus, which straight flow becomes more and more tortuous. As in the 32nd week the brain develops faster and gyri and sulci are being formed, the arteries assume wavy flow and number of their rami increases. In a still-born baby, arteries are of rather bigger caliber; they branch abundantly; and due to their relatively broad cerebral sulci, it can be said that their flow is partly tortuous. Our results show evidently that position, flow and relation of cerebral arteries change concurrently with the brain development and appearance of cerebral gyri and sulci.

scholarly journals VI. A research into the elasticity of the living brain, and the conditions governing the recovery of the brain after compression for short periods

1894 ◽  
Vol 55 (331-335) ◽  
pp. 275-277
Keyword(s):  
Medical Association ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
British Medical Association ◽  
Great Frequency ◽  
Mechanical Pressure ◽  
Brain Substance ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
The Brain

(Towards the expenses of this research a grant was made by the British Medical Association at the recommendation of the. Scientific Grants Committee.) In view of the great frequency of compression of the brain as a pathological condition, it seems very advisable to attempt to obtain some knowledge of the elementary factors conditioning the physical changes in the brain substance due to mechanical pressure.

scholarly journals Influence of different qualitative composition of infusion solutions on cerebral hemodynamics in patients with acute ischemic stroke

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-277
Author(s):  
Andrii I. Semenenko ◽  
Halyna I. Khrebtii ◽  
Svetlana L. Malyk ◽  
Dmytro V. Dmytriiev ◽  
Roksolana Ya. Bodnar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Cerebral Hemodynamics ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Qualitative Composition ◽  
Infusion Solution ◽  
Brain Substance ◽  
The Brain

The aim: Investigate the effect of 0.9% NaCl, HES 130, HAES-LX-5% and mannitol 15% on cerebral hemodynamics in patients with AIS. Materials and methods: The study included 100 patients with AIS. As the investigated solutions were used: isosmolar 0.9% NaCl, hyperosmolar mannitol 15%, colloid-isoosmolar HES 130, colloid-hyperosmolar HAES-LX-5%. The control group received only 0.9% NaCl compared: 0.9% NaCl+HES 130, 0.9% NaCl+HAES-LX-5%, 0.9% NaCl+mannitol 15%. Evaluation of cerebral hemodynamic (indexes of cerebral blood flow) was performed using doppler ultrasound of cerebral arteries. Results: The dynamics of specific volume velocity of blood flow per 100 grams of brain substance indicates that in the group of 0.9% NaCl and 0.9% NaCl+mannitol is the tendency to decrease the blood flow of the brain during 7 days of treatment, respectively: 2.8% and 7.5%. In patients with HES 130 solution cerebral blood flow increases by 14.2%, whereas when applied HAES-LX-5% during 7 days, it increases by 43.2% (p=0.004). Conclusions: The analysis of the data of treatment the patients with AIS showed the best effect (p=0.004) of improvement of the cerebral circulation in the use of the polyfunctional infusion solution HAES-LX-5% unlike the 0.9% NaCl group and group of 0.9% NaCl+mannitol where was a decrease of the dynamics of cerebral blood flow, which could lead to hypoperfusion of the brain.

scholarly journals A research into the elasticity of the living brain and the conditions governing the recovery of the brain after compression for short periods

1895 ◽  
Vol 58 (347-352) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Great Frequency ◽  
Mechanical Pressure ◽  
Brain Substance ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
The Brain

1. Introduction .—This piece of work was undertaken at the suggestion of Professor V. Horsley, who devised the apparatus employed, and to whom I am indebted for advice and suggestions. In view of the great frequency of compression of the brain as a pathological condition, it seems very advisable to attempt to obtain knowledge of some of the elementary factors conditioning the physical changes in the brain substance due to mechanical pressure.

Macroscopic Anatomy and Brain Vascularization in the Greater Rhea (Rhea americana americana)

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herson Da Silva Costa ◽  
Hélio Norberto De Araújo Júnior ◽  
Ferdinando Vinícius Fernandes Bezerra ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Vale Rebouças ◽  
Danilo José Ayres De Menezes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basilar Artery ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Type I ◽  
Macroscopic Anatomy ◽  
Rhea Americana ◽  
Vascular Type ◽  
The Brain

 Background: The Rhea americana americana is a wild bird belonging to the group of Ratites, and is important from the scientific point of view given their adaptability to captivity. Considering that information about its morphology is important for the viability of domesticating the species, the aim of this study was to macroscopically identify the brain regions, as well as the cerebral arteries and the cerebral arterial circuit in order to establish the cerebral vascular pattern and systematization.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty one brains from young and adult Greater Rheas of both sexes were used from animals that had died due to natural causes and were then kept in a freezer. The specimens were thawed and incised in the cervical region to allow exposure of the left common carotid artery, which was cannulated. The vascular system was rinsed with 0.9% saline solution, then perfused with latex Neoprene 650 stained with red pigment. The animals were subsequently fixed in 3.7% aqueous formaldehyde solution for 72 h, and then they were dissected by removing the bones from the skull cap. The brains were analyzed, and the structures were identified, photographed, schematized and denominated. Morphometric measurements were performed on the basilar and cerebellar ventral caudal arteries, recording the values of length and width in millimeters with the aid of a digital caliper. The brain was divided into: telencephalon, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum; while externally, the observed structures are: olfactory bulbs, optical lobes, optic nerves, optic chiasm, pituitary and pineal glands. Vascularization was performed by the following arteries: ventral spinal artery, basilar artery, ventricular cerebellar arteries, medium ventricular cerebellar arteries, caudal branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, ventral mesencephalic artery, cerebral caudal arteries, rostral branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, middle cerebral arteries, cerebroethmoidal arteries, rostral intercerebral anastomosis, rostral cerebral arteries, ethmoidal arteries, internal ophthalmic arteries, inter-hemispheric artery, pituitary arteries, dorsal mesencephalic tectal arteries, dorsal cerebellar arteries, occipital, pineal and dorsal hemispherical branches. The cerebral arterial circuit was both caudally and rostrally closed in 100.0% of the samples, being composed of the arteries: basilar artery, caudal branches of the carotid brain, rostral branches of the brain carotid, cerebroethmoidal arteries and rostral intercerebral anastomosis.Discussion: Encephalon classification regarding the presence or absence of gyri is a characteristic associated to evolution­ary aspects among vertebrates, being respectively considered as lisencephalon or girencecephalus when it presents or does not present convolutions. In Greater Rheas, the telencephalon was quite developed, with a relatively rounded shape and the absence of sulci and convolutions in the cortex, which allowed it to be classified as a lisencephalon. Such findings resemble those described for the ostrich and in a comparative study involving kiwis, emus, owls and pigeons, although different sizes and forms of telencephalon development were observed in the latter. Regarding the cerebral arterial circuit, this structure in Rheas was complete and both caudally and rostrally closed in 100.0% of the specimens. Our findings differ from those ob­served for ostriches, in which a rostrally open behavior has been described, while it is caudally closed in 20.0% of cases and opened in 80.0%. Regarding the vascular type of the brain, in the Rhea it was observed that there was only contribution of the carotid system, similar to that found for birds such as ostriches and turkeys which confer a type I encephalic vascularization.Keywords: arteries, brain, arterial circuit, morphometry, ratites.

Differential diagnosis of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in young

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-86
Author(s):  
O. A. Kicherova ◽  
◽  
L. I. Reikhert ◽  
O. N. Bovt ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Intracerebral Hematoma ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Brain Substance ◽  
Secondary All ◽  
Visualization Techniques ◽  
The Brain

In recent years, cerebral vascular diseases have been increasingly detected in young patients. It is due not only to better physicians’ knowledge about this pathology, but also to the improvement of its diagnosis methods. Modern neuroimaging techniques allow us to clarify the nature of hemorrhage, to determine the volume and location of intracerebral hematoma, and to establish the degree of concomitant edema and dislocation of the brain. However, despite the high accuracy of the research, it is not always possible to establish the cause that led to a brain accident, which greatly affects the tactics of management and outcomes in this category of patients. A special feature of the structure of cerebrovascular diseases of young people is the high proportion of hemorrhagic stroke, the causes of which are most often arterio-venous malformations. Meanwhile, there are a number of other causes that can lead to hemorrhage into the brain substance. These include disorders of blood clotting, and various vasculitis, and exposure to toxic substances and drugs, and tumor formations (primary and secondary). All these pathological factors outline the range of diagnostic search in young patients who underwent hemorrhagic stroke. Diagnosis of these pathological conditions with the help of modern visualization techniques is considered to be easy, but this is not always the case. In this article, the authors give their own clinical observation of a hemorrhagic stroke in a young patient, which demonstrates the complexity of the diagnostic search in patients with this pathology.

Perivascular (Virchow–Robin) spaces

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-89
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Mechanical Trauma ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Perivascular Spaces ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Lenticulostriate Artery ◽  
The Brain

Perivascular spaces; also known as the Virchow-Robin Spaces, they are pleurally lined, interstitial fluid-filled areas that surround certain blood vessels in various organs, especially the perforating arteries in the brain, with an immunological function. Dilated perivascular spaces are divided into three types. The first of these is on the lenticulostriate artery, the second is in the cortex following the path of the medullary artery, and the third is in the midbrain. Perivascular spaces can be detected as areas of dilatation on MR images. Although a limited number of perivascular spaces can be seen in a normal brain, the increase in the number of these spaces has been associated with the incidence of various neurodegenerative diseases. Different theories have been suggested about the tendency of the perivascular spaces to expand. Current theories include mechanical trauma due to cerebrospinal fluid pulsing, elongation of penetrating blood vessels, unusual vascular permeability, and increased fluid exudation. In addition, the brain tissue atrophy that occurs with aging; It is thought to contribute to the widening of perivascular spaces by causing shrinkage of arteries, altered arterial wall permeability, obstruction of lymphatic drainage pathways and vascular demyelination. It is assumed that the clinical significance of the dilation tendencies of the perivascular spaces is based on shape change rather than size. These spaces have been mostly observed in brain regions such as corpus callosum, cingulate gyrus, dentate nucleus, substantia nigra and various arterial basins including lenticulostriate artery and mesencephalothalamic artery. In conclusion, when sections are taken on MR imaging, it is possible that perivascular spaces may be confused with microvascular diseases and some neurodegenerative changes. In addition, perivascular spaces can be seen without pathological significance. Therefore, it would be appropriate to investigate the etiological relationship by evaluating the radiological findings and clinical picture together.

Meetings of medical societies. Society of Physicians at Kazan University

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-479
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Artificial Damage ◽  
Medical Societies ◽  
Brain Substance ◽  
The Brain

Meeting of February 24Prof. M. N. Cheboksarov: Adrenal lipase, its relation to poisons and clinical significance. The report was printed in issue 3 of "K.M. Journal". In the debate Prof. P.P. Vasiliev pointed out that microscopic examination of the adrenal glands of dead B., mentioned by the reporter, revealed the existence of changes both in the cortical and in the brain substance of them. Proff. С. С. Zimnitskii and P. N. Nikolaev, noting the practical importance and interest of the reporter's work, pointed out that it would be especially interesting to trace the content of adrenal lipase in such diseases as typhoid and typhoid, as well as in animals with artificial damage to their adrenal glands.

scholarly journals Meningeal Tumors Induced in Calves with the Bovine Cutaneous Papilloma Virus

1969 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Brobst ◽  
G. C. Dulac
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Viral Antigen ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Meningeal Tumors ◽  
The Brain

Fibromatous tumors were induced in the meninges of calves by inoculating the meninges with a suspension of bovine cutaneous papillomas or by implanting bovine cutaneous papillomas into the brain. Meningeal tumors were observed to occur as early as 20 days after inoculation. Meningeal tumors from calves killed 90 and 145 days after inoculation extended into the brain along the course of blood vessels. Metastasis, however, was not observed. Evidence that the induced meningeal tumors contained viral antigen was lacking.

Morphology and Origin of the Perivascular Fibers Into the Brain Substance

Angiology ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 771-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Carrato-Ibañez ◽  
F. Abadia-Fenoll
Keyword(s):  
Brain Substance ◽  
The Brain
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