scholarly journals Basic Stereology

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Basgen
Keyword(s):  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional Image ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Dimensional Object ◽  
Two Dimensional Images

Many us who use microscopes are interested in the internal structure or components of three-dimensional objects. Often we must section these objects to observe these internal components. For many years, microtomes have been used to make physical sections, but in recent years confocal microscopes, MR imaging, CT scanners, and even standard optical microscopes have been used to obtain “optical” sections. Two-dimensional images of these different types of sections can be used to extract three-dimensional quantitative information about the objects and their internal components, The sectioning process reduces the observed dimensions of the object and components. With apologies to Rene Magritte, the structure portrayed in Figure 1 is not a three-dimensional glomerulus but a two-dimensional profile of a glomerulus. In most cases, interest is on the structure of the three-dimensional object and not the structure in the two-dimensional image. Thus, care must be taken when obtaining and interpreting data from two-dimensional images.

Statistical Approach to Shape from Shading: Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional Face Surfaces from Single Two-Dimensional Images

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1321-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph J. Atick ◽  
Paul A. Griffin ◽  
A. Norman Redlich
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Shape From Shading ◽  
Shape Space ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional Image ◽  
Low Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Object

The human visual system is proficient in perceiving three-dimensional shape from the shading patterns in a two-dimensional image. How it does this is not well understood and continues to be a question of fundamental and practical interest. In this paper we present a new quantitative approach to shape-from-shading that may provide some answers. We suggest that the brain, through evolution or prior experience, has discovered that objects can be classified into lower-dimensional object-classes as to their shape. Extraction of shape from shading is then equivalent to the much simpler problem of parameter estimation in a low-dimensional space. We carry out this proposal for an important class of three-dimensional (3D) objects: human heads. From an ensemble of several hundred laser-scanned 3D heads, we use principal component analysis to derive a low-dimensional parameterization of head shape space. An algorithm for solving shape-from-shading using this representation is presented. It works well even on real images where it is able to recover the 3D surface for a given person, maintaining facial detail and identity, from a single 2D image of his face. This algorithm has applications in face recognition and animation.

scholarly journals PROBES, POPULATIONS, SAMPLES, MEASUREMENTS AND RELATIONS IN STEREOLOGY

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T Dehoff
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sample Design ◽  
Typical Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Summary Paper ◽  
Unbiased Estimates ◽  
Dimensional Object ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Simple Count

This summary paper provides an overview of the content of stereology. The typical problem at hand centers around some three dimensional object that has an internal structure that determines its function, performance, or response. To understand and quantify the geometry of that structure it is necessary to probe it with geometric entities: points, lines, planes volumes, etc. Meaningful results are obtained only if the set of probes chosen for use in the assessment is drawn uniformly from the population of such probes for the structure as a whole. This requires an understanding of the population of each kind of probe. Interaction of the probes with the structure produce geometric events which are the focus of stereological measurements. In almost all applications the measurement that is made is a simple count of the number of these events. Rigorous application of these requirements for sample design produce unbiased estimates of geometric properties of features in the structure no matter how complex are the features or what their arrangement in space. It is this assumption-free characteristic of the methodology that makes it a powerful tool for characterizing the internal structure of three dimensional objects.

The visual arts

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-170
Author(s):  
Steven Brown
Keyword(s):  
Visual Arts ◽  
Dimensional Reduction ◽  
Performing Arts ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Specific Process ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Art Objects ◽  
Static Nature ◽  
Two Dimensional Images

The visual arts, as compared to the performing arts, are defined by their static nature as fixed objects. However, visual art objects often have a ‘dual static/dynamic’ nature that allows them to convey a sense of both motion and emotion, especially when they depict human models. As a result, such objects appear to viewers as frozen snapshots of ongoing actions or gestures. The most art-specific process for the visual arts is the production of two-dimensional images. Compared with the production of three-dimensional objects, two-dimensional images require a dimensional reduction in order to create a flattened representation of a scene on a surface. Drawing is thus the ultimate visual arts activity.

scholarly journals VISUAL STUDENTS SKILL IN DRAWING TWO DIMENSIONAL IMAGINATIF

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 398-412
Author(s):  
Nia Safitri ◽  
Sri Hartatik ◽  
Nafiah Nafiah ◽  
Muhammad Thamrin Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Learning Styles ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Dominant Color ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
Two Dimensional Images

This study aims to determine the profile of visual student skills in imaginative two-dimensional drawing. This study uses a qualitative method. The subjects of this study were students of Class IIA at SDN Jemur Wonosari 1/417 Surabaya, which were categorized based on learning styles. The instrument used to collect data in the form of a checklist of learning styles, documentation and interviews. Based on the results of imaginative drawing show subjects with visual learning styles are able to draw two-dimensional imaginative by using the elements of lines and colors well. The visual subject in the picture is already able to use straight lines, curved lines and zig-zag lines. The visual subject has also been able to project three-dimensional objects into two-dimensional images. Visual subjects look a lot using colors in drawing. The combination of primary, secondary and tertiary colors. In images, the dominant color used by visual subjects is primary colours. It can be concluded that children with visual learning styles have the characteristics of being neat, orderly, thorough and concerned with appearance, so this is in line with the results of images that look neat, harmonious and realistic.

scholarly journals Spontaneous discrimination of possible and impossible objects by newly hatched chicks

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 654-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Regolin ◽  
Rosa Rugani ◽  
Gionata Stancher ◽  
Giorgio Vallortigara
Keyword(s):  
Structural Information ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Global Structure ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Image ◽  
Two Dimensional Image ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Real Objects ◽  
Dimensional Object

Four-month-old infants can integrate local cues provided by two-dimensional pictures and interpret global inconsistencies in structural information to discriminate between possible and impossible objects. This leaves unanswered the issue of the relative contribution of maturation of biologically predisposed mechanisms and of experience with real objects, to the development of this capability. Here we show that, after exposure to objects in which junctions providing cues to global structure were occluded, day-old chicks selectively approach the two-dimensional image that depicted the possible rather than the impossible version of a three-dimensional object, after restoration of the junctions. Even more impressively, completely naive newly hatched chicks showed spontaneous preferences towards approaching two-dimensional depictions of structurally possible rather than impossible objects. These findings suggest that the vertebrate brain can be biologically predisposed towards approaching a two-dimensional image representing a view of a structurally possible three-dimensional object.

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