A computer model of cadmium metabolism in the sheep with regard to the human food chain

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 15-15
Author(s):  
S.H. Prankel
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Kidney Cortex ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metal ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Human Food Chain

Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential toxic heavy metal which is added to soil in phosphorous fertilizers and sewage sludge. Cd enters the human food chain via animals fed on crops from these soils, food of vegetable origin and smoking. In chronic exposure situations Cd accumulates in the liver and kidney of animals and man. Intake resulting in a Cd concentration of over 200μg/g wet weight in the kidney cortex results in kidney damage in humans (Friberg et al., 1974). With the prohibition of disposal of sewage sludge at sea in 1998, it is likely that more Cd will be deposited on soils. Current limits for Cd in animal feed are intended to prevent food from animal origin from exceeding legal Cd limits. This work examines the behaviour of Cd in the ovine body and models organ Cd from given intakes to investigate whether current limits in feed are safe and result in animal products fit for human consumption.

scholarly journals Radioactive contamination of food chain around coal mine and coal-fired power stations

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 388-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordana Vitorovic ◽  
Branislava Mitrovic ◽  
Velibor Andric ◽  
Mirjana Stojanovic ◽  
Mirjana Lazarevic-Macanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mine ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Human Food Chain ◽  
The Impact

The main aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the coal mine in Lazarevac, and the coal-fired power stations in Obrenovac, on the activity concentrations of radionuclides 40K, 238U, 232Th, and 137Cs in some parts of human food chain of people living in the surrounding area. The obtained results showed that natural environment around the examined coal mine and the coal-fired power stations are not significantly affected by the emission of primordial radionuclides. The activity concentrations of 238U in the soil around the open coal mine and the coal processing installations (66.4-76.0 Bq/kg) and in the soil around the coal-fired power stations (55.5-61.2 Bq/kg) were not significantly higher than the average values in Serbia. The significant increase in the activity concentrations of natural radioisotopes in the samples of soil, vegetation, and animal products, was not confirmed. Food of animal origin used in human consumption is safe, i. e. not contaminated by radiation.

scholarly journals Deriving “potential target values” of PCDD/F in animal feed: the role of livestock at the interface between feed and food chain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria José Abud Clariget ◽  
Janine Kowalczyk ◽  
Birgit Wobst
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Transfer Factors ◽  
Pork Products ◽  
Weekly Intake ◽  
Potential Target ◽  
Tolerable Weekly Intake ◽  
Target Values

AbstractLinking derivation of potential target values of PCDD/Fs in animal feed with risk assessment for consumer protection is a challenge when tolerable weekly intake (TWI) and transfer factors from feed to food are considered. Generally, maximum values for feed and food are set separately without considering the feed and the food producing animal as an important factor along the food chain from farm to fork. Levels of contaminants in feed can accumulate in animals and their products effect consumers at the end of the food chain. Hence, the process of setting legal maximum levels of contaminants should account for transfer from feed consumed by food producing animals into animal products for human consumption. Here, we calculated potential target values of PCDD/F in feed to ensure that animal products such as milk from dairy cows, eggs from laying hens and pork and pork products from fattening pigs are safe for human consumption. In our approach, we calculated potential target values of PCDD/Fs in animal feed using transfer factors for PCDD/F-TEQs from feed to milk fat, eggs fat, and fat in pork and pork products, taking into account the tolerable weekly intake derived by European Food Safety  Authority. We assumed equal proportions of WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ and WHO-PCB-TEQ in feed. Potential target values of PCDD/F in feed are expressed as the quantity of toxicologically evaluated PCDD/Fs, expressed in WHO toxic equivalents (WHO2005-PCDD/F-TEQ) per kg feed with 12% moisture. In the current approach, derived values would be 10–54 times lower than the current legal maximum level of 0.75 ng WHO2005-PCDD/F-TEQ per kg feed (12% moisture), according to Directive 2002/32/EC as amended.

Clones and the Human Food Chain

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
GREG FEERO
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Human Food Chain

scholarly journals Variable Virulence of Biotype 3Vibrio vulnificusdue to MARTX Toxin Effector Domain Composition

mSphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Byoung Sik Kim ◽  
Hannah E. Gavin ◽  
Karla J. F. Satchell
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Effector Domain ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Effector Domains ◽  
Human Food Chain ◽  
Natural Hosts

ABSTRACTVibrio vulnificusis an environmental organism that causes septic human infections characterized by high morbidity and mortality. The annual incidence and global distribution of this pathogen are increasing as ocean waters warm. Clinical strains exhibit variations in the primary virulence toxin, suggesting a potential for the emergence of new strains with altered virulence properties. A clonal outbreak of tilapia-associated wound infections in Israel serves as a natural experiment for the sudden emergence of a newV. vulnificusstrain. The effector domain content of the multifunctional autoprocessing RTX (MARTX) toxin of the outbreak-associated biotype 3 (BT3) strains was previously shown to harbor a modification generated by recombination. The modification introduced an actin-induced adenylate cyclase effector domain (ExoY) and an effector domain that disrupts the Golgi organelle (DmX). Here, we report that the exchange of these effector domains for a putative progenitor biotype 1 toxin arrangement produces a toxin that slows the lysis kinetics of targeted epithelial cells but increases cellular rounding phenotypes in response to bacteria. In addition, replacing the biotype 3 toxin variant with the putative progenitor biotype 1 variant renders the resulting strain significantly more virulent in mice. This suggests that the exchange of MARTX effector domains during the emergence of BT3 generated a toxin with reduced toxin potency, resulting in decreased virulence of this outbreak-associated strain. We posit that selection for reduced virulence may serve as a route for this lethal infectious agent to enter the human food chain by allowing it to persist in natural hosts.IMPORTANCEVibrio vulnificusis a serious infection linked to climate change. The virulence capacity of these bacteria can vary by gene exchange, resulting in new variants of the primary virulence toxin. In this study, we tested whether the emergence of an epidemic strain ofV. vulnificuswith a novel toxin variant correlated with a change in virulence. We found that restoring the biotype 3 toxin variant to the putative progenitor-type toxin resulted in dramatically increased virulence, revealing that the emergence of the biotype 3 strain could be linked to virulence reduction. This reduced virulence, previously found also in the biotype 1 strain, suggests that reduced virulence may stimulate outbreaks, as strains have greater capacity to enter the human food chain through reduced impact to environmental hosts.

Application of a Group II Campylobacter Bacteriophage To Reduce Strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Colonizing Broiler Chickens

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
AYMAN EL-SHIBINY ◽  
ANDREW SCOTT ◽  
ANDREW TIMMS ◽  
YASSER METAWEA ◽  
PHILLIPPA CONNERTON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Bacteriophage Therapy ◽  
Human Food ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Human Food Chain ◽  
Group Ii

Members of the genus Campylobacter are frequently responsible for human enteric disease worldwide. Persistent Campylobacter contamination of poultry meat is a common problem that represents a significant food safety risk through the consumption of undercooked poultry meat or through cross-contamination of other foods during the preparation of poultry. Bacteriophage therapy is one possible means by which this colonization of poultry could be controlled, thus limiting the entry of Campylobacter into the human food chain. Previously group III phages with genome sizes of approximately 140 kb had been administered to Campylobacter jejuni–colonized poultry. The application of a group II Campylobacter phage, CP220, with a genome size of 197 kb is described here. Phage CP220 was administered to both C. jejuni– and C. coli–colonized birds. A 2-log CFU/g decline in cecal Campylobacter counts was observed after 48 h in birds colonized with C. jejuni HPC5 and administered with a single 7-log PFU dose of CP220. The incidence of phage resistance developing in Campylobacter-colonized chickens upon exposure to virulent phages was determined to be 2%, and the resistant types remained a minor component of the population. To achieve a similar reduction in Campylobacter numbers in C. coli OR12–colonized birds, a 9-log PFU dose of CP220 was required. Using phage to reduce Campylobacter colonization in poultry offers the prospect of a sustainable intervention measure that may limit the entry of these pathogens into the human food chain.

Antibiotics in the human food chain: Establishing no effect levels of tetracycline, neomycin, and erythromycin using a chemostat model of the human colonic microflora

2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Carman ◽  
Mary Alice Simon ◽  
H. Earl Petzold ◽  
Robert F. Wimmer ◽  
Monica R. Batra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Chemostat Model ◽  
Human Food ◽  
Colonic Microflora ◽  
Human Food Chain
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