<p>Nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) is an atmospheric pollutant that needs to be accurately measured for air quality control. The standard reference method (SRM, as laid down in EN&#160;14211:2012 [1]) for NO<sub>2</sub> emissions is based on chemiluminescence, where NO<sub>2</sub> is only indirectly measured. Due to the fact that NO<sub>2</sub> is the only air pollutant that is indirectly measured and because of some shortcomings in SRM-based measurements, there are attempts to develop methods also for direct NO<sub>2</sub> quantifications that are accurate and reliable [2, 3]. Laser spectroscopic techniques such as direct tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (dTDLAS [4]), which has been demonstrated for direct and absolute measurements of a variety of atmospheric molecules (H<sub>2</sub>O, NH<sub>3</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub> and CO) [4-7], provide excellent options for direct atmospheric NO<sub>2</sub> measurements. Based on the experience with other species, a test method for direct NO<sub>2</sub> measurements based on dTDLAS was found to be a promising alternative as compared to the SRM.</p><p>We present a measurement method based on dTDLAS for direct and absolute NO<sub>2</sub> concentration measurements compatible to [8] and complying with metrological principles of SI-traceability. The approach was realized by two independent, newly developed mid infrared (ICL, QCL) laser spectrometers (one aiming at compact and field-deployable system integration). Results of directly measured NO<sub>2</sub> concentrations are presented, addressing traceability to the SI, to demonstrate the capability of the measurement method. Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) compliant uncertainty budgets are reported to show the current data quality. A first principles laser spectroscopic system which does not need calibration by gaseous reference material and which is validated for concentration results that are directly traceable to the SI shall be referred to as an &#8220;optical gas standard&#8221;, (OGS). We present validations in the concentration range 100&#160;&#181;mol/mol to 1000&#160;&#181;mol/mol. A discussion on current limitations and potentials for an upscaling of these new NO<sub>2</sub> systems to be operated as OGSs towards ambient air concentrations will be part of this presentation, too.</p><p>This work has received funding from the EMPIR programme co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. PTB is member of the European Metrology Network for Climate and Ocean Observation (https://www.euramet.org/european-metrology-networks/climate-and-ocean-observation/).</p><p><strong>References</strong></p><p>[1] European Standard: &#8220;Ambient air - Standard method for the measurement of the concentration of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen monoxide by chemiluminescence&#8221;, EN 14211:2012</p><p>[2] EMPIR project 16ENV02, &#8220;Metrology for Nitrogen Dioxide (MetNO2)&#8221;, http://em-pir.npl.co.uk/metno2/</p><p>[3] P. Morten Hundt, Michael M&#252;ller, Markus Mangold, B&#233;la Tuzson, Philipp Scheidegger, Herbert Looser, Christoph H&#252;glin, Lukas Emmenegger, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 2669&#8211;2681 (2018)</p><p>[4] J. A. Nwaboh, Z. Qu, O. Werhahn, V. Ebert, Appl. Opt. 56, E84-E93 (2017)</p><p>[5] B. Buchholz, N. B&#246;se, V. Ebert, Appl. Phys. B 116, 883-899, (2014)</p><p>[6] J.A. Nwaboh, J. Hald, J.K. Lyngs&#248;, J.C. Petersen, O. Werhahn, Appl. Phys. B 110:187&#8211;194 (2013)</p><p>[7] A. Pog&#225;ny, O. Werhahn, V. Ebert, Imaging and Applied Optics 2016, DOI: 10.1364/3D.2016.JT3A.15</p><p>[8] Werhahn O, Petersen J C (eds.) 2010 TILSAM technical protocol V1_2010-09-29 (http://www.euramet.org/fileadmin/docs/projects/934_METCHEM_Interim_Report.pdf)</p><p>&#160;</p>
Sub-ppb nitrogen dioxide detection with a large linear dynamic range by use of a differential photoacoustic cell and a 3.5 W blue multimode diode laser
