Predictive Inference Activation

Predictive inferences are anticipations of what could happen next in the text we are reading. These inferences seem to be activated during reading, but a delay is necessary for their construction. To determine the length of this delay, we first used a classical word-naming task. In the second experiment, we used a Stroop-like task to verify that inference activation was not due to strategies applied during the naming task. The results show that predictive inferences are naturally activated during text reading, after approximately 1 s.

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Nonconscious Perception, Where are You?

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.1177/00315125890693-233 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 69 (3-2) ◽

pp. 1243-1250

Author(s):

Janet D. Larsen ◽

Cheryl K. Yatsko ◽

Bonnie McCulley ◽

Thomas Fritsch

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Naming Task ◽

Word Naming ◽

Recognition Threshold ◽

Priming Effects ◽

Nonconscious Perception

In three studies, no evidence of nonconscious perception was found, although general procedures used in previous studies reporting the effect were followed. Presence/absence thresholds (Exps. 1 and 2) or recognition threshold (Exp. 3) were established for each subject. There was no difference in the effects of related and unrelated primes on voice reaction time during a word naming task. These findings raise questions about the robustness of nonconscious priming effects.

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Effects of attention and semantic relation on event-related potentials in a picture-word naming task

Biological Psychology ◽

10.1016/s0301-0511(00)00070-3 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 79-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Stephanie L. Greenham ◽

Robert M. Stelmack ◽

Kenneth B. Campbell

Keyword(s):

Event Related Potentials ◽

Naming Task ◽

Semantic Relation ◽

Word Naming ◽

Related Potentials

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Effects of Task on the Activation of Predictive Inferences

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3f.1287 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 83 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1287-1296 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Douglas A. Waking ◽

Christy L. Kluttz

Keyword(s):

Explicit Memory ◽

Current Data ◽

Global Processing ◽

Local Processing ◽

Predictive Inference ◽

Two Stage ◽

Elaborative Processing ◽

Knowledge Based ◽

Predictive Inferences ◽

Clear Support

Research on the activation of predictive inferences has provided inconsistent results that may be explained within a contextual view of reading. The present study tested whether the type of test for explicit memory would affect the activation of knowledge-based predictive inferences. The information necessary for the activation of a predictive inference was provided to readers in four different conditions (no inference, local processing, global processing, coherence). Manipulation was accomplished by varying the type of question asked after reading the passage (verbatim, factual, or inference). Analysis suggests predictive inferences are automatically activated and not affected by contextual factors such as the question. Consequently, the current data do not provide clear support for a contextual view of comprehension. These conclusions are supported by a two-stage view of elaborative processing.

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Impaired production priming and intact identification priming in Alzheimer's disease

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society ◽

10.1017/s1355617701777016 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 7 (7) ◽

pp. 785-794 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

DEBRA A. FLEISCHMAN ◽

LAURA A. MONTI ◽

LISA M. DWORNIK ◽

TERESA T. MORO ◽

DAVID A. BENNETT ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Explicit Memory ◽

Repetition Priming ◽

Recognition Task ◽

Naming Task ◽

Word Naming ◽

Stem Completion ◽

Word Stem Completion ◽

Identification Processes

This study examined the distinction between identification and production processes in repetition priming for 16 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 16 healthy old control participants (NC). Words were read in three study phases. In three test phases, participants (1) reread studied words, along with unstudied words, in a word-naming task (identification priming); (2) completed 3-letter stems of studied and unstudied words into words in a word-stem completion task (production priming); and (3) answered yes or no to having read studied and unstudied words in a recognition task (explicit memory). Explicit memory and word-stem completion priming were impaired in the AD group compared to the NC group. After correcting for baseline slowing, word-naming priming magnitude did not differ between the groups. The results suggest that the distinction between production and identification processes has promise for explaining the pattern of preservation and failure of repetition priming in AD. (JINS, 2001, 7, 785–794.)

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Assessment of wakefulness during awake craniotomy to predict intraoperative language performance

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/2019.2.jns183486 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 132 (6) ◽

pp. 1930-1937 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alexander A. Aabedi ◽

EunSeon Ahn ◽

Sofia Kakaizada ◽

Claudia Valdivia ◽

Jacob S. Young ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Task Performance ◽

Operating Room ◽

Language Processing ◽

Picture Naming ◽

Tumor Resection ◽

Naming Task ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Awake Craniotomy ◽

Text Reading ◽

Glioma Resection

OBJECTIVEMaximal safe tumor resection in language areas of the brain relies on a patient’s ability to perform intraoperative language tasks. Assessing the performance of these tasks during awake craniotomies allows the neurosurgeon to identify and preserve brain regions that are critical for language processing. However, receiving sedation and analgesia just prior to experiencing an awake craniotomy may reduce a patient’s wakefulness, leading to transient language and/or cognitive impairments that do not completely subside before language testing begins. At present, the degree to which wakefulness influences intraoperative language task performance is unclear. Therefore, the authors sought to determine whether any of 5 brief measures of wakefulness predicts such performance during awake craniotomies for glioma resection.METHODSThe authors recruited 21 patients with dominant hemisphere low- and high-grade gliomas. Each patient performed baseline wakefulness measures in addition to picture-naming and text-reading language tasks 24 hours before undergoing an awake craniotomy. The patients performed these same tasks again in the operating room following the cessation of anesthesia medications. The authors then conducted statistical analyses to investigate potential relationships between wakefulness measures and language task performance.RESULTSRelative to baseline, performance on 3 of the 4 objective wakefulness measures (rapid counting, button pressing, and vigilance) declined in the operating room. Moreover, these declines appeared in the complete absence of self-reported changes in arousal. Performance on language tasks similarly declined in the intraoperative setting, with patients experiencing greater declines in picture naming than in text reading. Finally, performance declines on rapid counting and vigilance wakefulness tasks predicted performance declines on the picture-naming task.CONCLUSIONSCurrent subjective methods for assessing wakefulness during awake craniotomies may be insufficient. The administration of objective measures of wakefulness just prior to language task administration may help to ensure that patients are ready for testing. It may also allow neurosurgeons to identify patients who are at risk for poor intraoperative performance.

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The hunt for the Age of Acquisition effect: It’s in the links!

10.31234/osf.io/g8by5 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jon Catling ◽

Mahmoud Medhat Elsherif

Keyword(s):

Low Frequency ◽

Age Of Acquisition ◽

Naming Task ◽

Spoken Word ◽

Word Naming ◽

Verification Task ◽

Arbitrary Mapping ◽

The Third ◽

Mapping Hypothesis ◽

Naming Latencies

The Age of Acquisition (AoA) effect is such that words acquired early in life are processed more quickly than later-acquired words. One explanation for the AoA effects is the arbitrary mapping hypothesis (Ellis & Lambon-Ralph, 2000), stating that the AoA effects are more likely to occur in items that have an arbitrary, rather than a systematic, nature between input and output. Previous behavioural findings have shown that the AoA effects are larger in pictorial than word items. However, no behavioural studies have attempted to directly assess the AoA effects in relation to the connections between representations. In the first two experiments, 48 participants completed a word-picture verification task (Experiments 1A and 2A), together with a spoken (Experiment 1B) or written (Experiment 2B) picture naming task. In the third and fourth experiments, 48 participants complete a picture-word verification task (Experiments 3A and 4A), together with a spoken (Experiment 3B) or written (Experiment 4B) word naming task. For each pair of experiments the subtraction of the naming latencies from the verification tasks for each item per participant was calculated (Experiments 1-4C; e.g. Santiago, Mackay, Palma & Rho, 2000). Results showed that early-acquired items were responded to more quickly than late-acquired ones for all experiments, except for Experiment 3B (spoken word naming) where the AoA effect was shown for only low-frequency words. In addition, the subtraction results for pictorial stimuli demonstrated strong AoA effects. This strengthens the case for the AM hypothesis, also suggesting the AoA effect resides in the connections between representations.

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