Role of within-compound associations in occasion setting: A blocking analysis.

1987 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent M. LoLordo ◽  
Robert T. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Occasion Setting ◽  
Blocking Analysis

scholarly journals Context-induced relapse to drug seeking: a review

2008 ◽  
Vol 363 (1507) ◽  
pp. 3233-3243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans S Crombag ◽  
Jennifer M Bossert ◽  
Eisuke Koya ◽  
Yavin Shaham
Keyword(s):  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Dorsal Hippocampus ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Occasion Setting ◽  
Drug Seeking ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Study Context

In humans, exposure to environmental contexts previously associated with drug intake often provokes relapse to drug use, but the mechanisms mediating this relapse are unknown. Based on early studies by Bouton & Bolles on context-induced ‘renewal’ of learned behaviours, we developed a procedure to study context-induced relapse to drug seeking. In this procedure, rats are first trained to self-administer drug in one context. Next, drug-reinforced lever responding is extinguished in a different (non-drug) context. Subsequently, context-induced reinstatement of drug seeking is assessed by re-exposing rats to the drug-associated context. Using variations of this procedure, we and others reported reliable context-induced reinstatement in rats with a history of heroin, cocaine, heroin–cocaine combination, alcohol and nicotine self-administration. Here, we first discuss potential psychological mechanisms of context-induced reinstatement, including excitatory and inhibitory Pavlovian conditioning, and occasion setting. We then summarize results from pharmacological and neuroanatomical studies on the role of several neurotransmitter systems (dopamine, glutamate, serotonin and opioids) and brain areas (ventral tegmental area, accumbens shell, dorsal striatum, basolateral amygdala, prefrontal cortex, dorsal hippocampus and lateral hypothalamus) in context-induced reinstatement. We conclude by discussing the clinical implications of rat studies on context-induced reinstatement of drug seeking.

scholarly journals Ambiguity Drives Higher-Order Pavlovian Learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomislav Damir Zbozinek ◽  
Omar David Perez ◽  
Toby Wise ◽  
Michael Fanselow ◽  
dean mobbs
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Occasion Setting ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Improve Treatment ◽  
Specific Outcome ◽  
Pavlovian Learning ◽  
Health Disorders

In the natural world, stimulus-outcome associations are often noisy and ambiguous. Learning to disambiguate these associations to identify which specific outcomes will occur is critical for survival. Pavlovian occasion setters are stimuli that determine whether other stimuli that are ambiguous will result in a specific outcome. Occasion setting is a well-established field, but very little investigation has been conducted on how occasion setters are disambiguated when they themselves are ambiguous. We investigated the role of higher-order Pavlovian occasion setting in humans. We also developed and tested the first computational model predicting direct associations, traditional occasion setting, and 2nd-order occasion setting. Results showed that occasion setters affected ambiguous but not unambiguous lower-order stimuli and that 2nd-order occasion setting was indeed learned. Our computational model demonstrated excellent fit with the data, advancing our theoretical understanding of learning with ambiguity. These results may ultimately improve treatment of Pavlovian-based mental health disorders (e.g., anxiety).

The Role of Injection Cues in the Associative Control of the US Pre-Exposure Effect in Flavour Aversion Learning

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (3b) ◽  
pp. 241-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel de Brugada ◽  
Felisa González ◽  
Antonio Cándido
Keyword(s):  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Conditioned Taste Aversion ◽  
Aversion Learning ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Exposure Effect ◽  
The Us ◽  
Exposure Stage ◽  
Effect Experiment ◽  
Blocking Analysis

Two experiments, using rats as subjects, examined the role of contextual cues in producing the unconditioned stimulus (US) pre-exposure effect in conditioned taste aversion. Experiment 1 showed a significant US pre-exposure effect, when the pre-exposure was conducted in a familiar context, and that a change of context between the pre-exposure and conditioning phases did not attenuate this effect. Experiment 2 demonstrated that extinction of injection-related cues after the pre-exposure stage attenuated the US pre-exposure effect, when the pre-exposure was conducted in either a familiar or a novel context. Taken together, these results support the associative explanation of the US pre-exposure effect in terms of blocking, incorporating a role for injection-related cues in the context blocking analysis of the US pre-exposure effect.

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor

Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Metre
Keyword(s):  
Diagnosis And Management

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

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