The role of visual similarity in picture categorization.

1986 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan G. Snodgrass ◽  
Brian McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Visual Similarity

scholarly journals Grass and Gravel: Investigating Visual Properties Preschool Children and Adults Use When Distinguishing Naturalistic Images

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karola Schlegelmilch ◽  
Annie E. Wertz
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Similarity ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Perceptual Abilities ◽  
Visual Properties

Visual processing of a natural environment occurs quickly and effortlessly. Yet, little is known about how young children are able to visually categorize naturalistic structures, since their perceptual abilities are still developing. We addressed this question by asking 76 children (age: 4.1-6.1 years) and 72 adults (age: 18-50 years) to first sort cards with greyscale images depicting vegetation, manmade artifacts, and non-living natural elements (e.g., stones) into groups according to visual similarity. Then, they were asked to choose the images' superordinate categories. We analyzed the relevance of different visual properties to the decisions of the participant groups. Children were very well able to interpret complex visual structures. However, children relied on fewer visual properties and, in general, were less likely to include properties which afforded the analysis of detailed visual information in their categorization decisions than adults, suggesting that immaturities of the still-developing visual system affected categorization. Moreover, when sorting according to visual similarity, both groups attended to the images' assumed superordinate categories—in particular to vegetation—in addition to visual properties. Children had a higher relative sensitivity for vegetation than adults did in the classification task when controlling for overall performance differences. Taken together, these findings add to the sparse literature on the role of developing perceptual abilities in processing naturalistic visual input.

Visual Similarity Effects in Immediate Verbal Serial Recall

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 626-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Logie ◽  
Sergiola Del Sala ◽  
Val Wynn ◽  
Alan D. Baddeley
Keyword(s):  
Serial Recall ◽  
Articulatory Suppression ◽  
Visual Similarity ◽  
Verbal Information ◽  
Immediate Serial Recall ◽  
Lower Case ◽  
Letter Case ◽  
Similarity Effect ◽  
Temporary Memory

The role of visual working memory in temporary serial retention of verbal information was examined in four experiments on immediate serial recall of words that varied in visual similarity and letters that varied in the visual consistency between upper and lower case. Experiments 1 and 2 involved words that were either visually similar (e.g. fly, cry, dry; hew, new, few) or were visually distinct (e.g. guy, sigh, lie; who, blue, ewe). Experiments 3 and 4 involved serial recall of both letter and case from sequences of letters chosen such that the upper- and lower-case versions were visually similar, for example Kk, Cc, Zz, Ww, or were visually dissimilar, for example Dd, Hh, Rr, Qq. Hence in the latter set, case information was encoded in terms of both the shape and the size of the letters. With both words and letters, the visually similar items resulted in poorer recall both with and without concurrent articulatory suppression. This visual similarity effect was robust and was replicated across the four experiments. The effect was not restricted to any particular serial position and was particularly salient in the recall of letter case. These data suggest the presence of a visual code for retention of visually presented verbal sequences in addition to a phonological code, and they are consistent with the use of a visual temporary memory, or visual “cache”, in verbal serial recall tasks.

scholarly journals The role of visual similarity and memory in body model distortions

2016 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelie Saulton ◽  
Matthew R. Longo ◽  
Hong Yu Wong ◽  
Heinrich H. Bülthoff ◽  
Stephan de la Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Visual Similarity ◽  
Body Model

An Analysis of Categorization Style in Preschoolers

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
James T. Morgan ◽  
Terry R. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Visual Similarity ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Sorting Task ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Verbal Information ◽  
Verbal Mediation ◽  
Modes Of Presentation ◽  
Two Age Groups

The main objective of this study was to assess age differences in the formation of conceptual categories by preschool children. Specifically, a sorting task, a categorization task, and a verbal task were administered to test the role of verbal mediation in the categorization style of children of two age groups: 2- to 3-yr.-olds and 4- to 5-yr.-olds. When provided only perceptual information, both groups of children categorized objects according to visual similarity. When verbal information was also provided, the 4- to 5-yr.-old group ignored visual similarity and categorized conceptually; verbal mediation had a minimal effect on the 2- to 3-yr.-old group. Children in both age groups categorized items conceptually when only verbal information was provided. These data suggest that children as young as 2 to 3 years old understand conceptual categorization but may prefer to categorize perceptually. Thus, categorization style may be a function of task demands as well as competence. A second objective of the study was to assess the feasibility of using videotaped presentations of material to young children in place of more traditional modes of presentation. The results suggested that the use of videotape appears to be an attractive alternative because it has the advantage of maintaining attention for significant periods of time without performance decrement.

The Pseudohomophone Effect: The Role of Visual Similarity in Non-Word Decisions

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randi C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Phonological Similarity ◽  
Visual Similarity ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Phonological Coding

The pseudohomophone effect, that is, the finding that non-words that are pronounced like words (e.g. MEEN) take longer to reject in a lexical decision task than other pronounceable non-words (e.g. NEEN), has been used to support the hypothesis of phonological receding in lexical access. The lexical decision experiments reported here matched pseudohomophones to control non-words that were as visually similar to words as were the pseudohomophones. For both normal and aphasic subjects, reaction times to reject the pseudohomophones were no longer than those for the visual controls. However, the pseudohomophones did take longer to reject than other pronounceable non-words which were not as visually similar to words. The results suggest that most previous findings of the pseudohomophone effect result from the greater visual rather than phonological similarity of the pseudohomophones to words. The absence of a phonological effect on the non-words in the present study implies that phonological coding is an optional rather than a slow, but obligatory process.

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