scholarly journals Long-term memory in amnesia: Cued recall, recognition memory, and confidence ratings.

1988 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur P. Shimamura ◽  
Larry R. Squire
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Confidence Ratings

scholarly journals A Multivariate Assessment of Age-Related Cognitive Impairment in Octodon degus

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela S. Rivera ◽  
Carolina B. Lindsay ◽  
Carolina A. Oliva ◽  
Francisco Bozinovic ◽  
Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Natural Aging ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Barnes Maze ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Dependent

Aging is a progressive functional decline characterized by a gradual deterioration in physiological function and behavior. The most important age-related change in cognitive function is decline in cognitive performance (i.e., the processing or transformation of information to make decisions that includes speed of processing, working memory, and learning). The purpose of this study is to outline the changes in age-related cognitive performance (i.e., short-term recognition memory and long-term learning and memory) in long-lived Octodon degus. The strong similarity between degus and humans in social, metabolic, biochemical, and cognitive aspects makes it a unique animal model for exploring the mechanisms underlying the behavioral and cognitive deficits related to natural aging. In this study, we examined young adult female degus (12- and 24-months-old) and aged female degus (38-, 56-, and 75-months-old) that were exposed to a battery of cognitive-behavioral tests. Multivariate analyses of data from the Social Interaction test or Novel Object/Local Recognition (to measure short-term recognition memory), and the Barnes maze test (to measure long-term learning and memory) revealed a consistent pattern. Young animals formed a separate group of aged degus for both short- and long-term memories. The association between the first component of the principal component analysis (PCA) from short-term memory with the first component of the PCA from long-term memory showed a significant negative correlation. This suggests age-dependent differences in both memories, with the aged degus having higher values of long-term memory ability but poor short-term recognition memory, whereas in the young degus an opposite pattern was found. Approximately 5% of the young and 80% of the aged degus showed an impaired short-term recognition memory; whereas for long-term memory about 32% of the young degus and 57% of the aged degus showed decreased performance on the Barnes maze test. Throughout this study, we outlined age-dependent cognitive performance decline during natural aging in degus. Moreover, we also demonstrated that the use of a multivariate approach let us explore and visualize complex behavioral variables, and identified specific behavioral patterns that allowed us to make powerful conclusions that will facilitate further the study on the biology of aging. In addition, this study could help predict the onset of the aging process based on behavioral performance.

scholarly journals Measuring Learning in the Blink of an Eye: Adolescents' Neurophysiological Reactions Predict Long-Term Memory for Stories

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca J. M. Gotlieb ◽  
Xiao-Fei Yang ◽  
Mary Helen Immordino-Yang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Additive Variance ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Default Mode

Anticipating what adolescents will remember is a common goal in education research, but what tools allow us to predict adolescents' memory without interrupting the learning process as it naturally occurs? To attempt to identify neurophysiological markers of deep processing that may predict long-term retention, here we conducted an exploratory study by adding a cued recall probe to the last wave of data collection in a longitudinal psychosocial and neuroimaging study of 65 urban adolescents. Five years prior, and again 3 years prior, participants had reacted to the same emotionally evocative true stories during a videotaped interview that allowed us to measure eye-blink rate (EBR), and again during fMRI scanning. We analyzed EBR and neural data from the initial story exposure. We found that memory for a story was predicted by both EBR (a proxy for striatal dopamine) and default mode network neural activity to that story (involved in integrative memory and processing of emotional feelings). EBR and default mode network activity were uncorrelated and explained additive variance. Though more work is needed, our study contributes preliminary supportive evidence linking EBR and neural activity trial-by-trial to long-term memory in a naturalistic task. The analyses suggest that including EBR, a non-invasive, portable, and inexpensive measure that can be coded from high-quality video recording, could be useful in future studies of adolescents' learning.

scholarly journals Functional Connectivity during Encoding Predicts Individual Differences in Long-Term Memory

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Qi Lin ◽  
Kwangsun Yoo ◽  
Xilin Shen ◽  
Todd R. Constable ◽  
Marvin M. Chun
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Memory Model ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Back Task

Abstract What is the neural basis of individual differences in the ability to hold information in long-term memory (LTM)? Here, we first characterize two whole-brain functional connectivity networks based on fMRI data acquired during an n-back task that robustly predict individual differences in two important forms of LTM, recognition and recollection. We then focus on the recognition memory model and contrast it with a working memory model. Although functional connectivity during the n-back task also predicts working memory performance and the two networks have some shared components, they are also largely distinct from each other: The recognition memory model performance remains robust when we control for working memory, and vice versa. Functional connectivity only within regions traditionally associated with LTM formation, such as the medial temporal lobe and those that show univariate subsequent memory effect, have little predictive power for both forms of LTM. Interestingly, the interactions between these regions and other brain regions play a more substantial role in predicting recollection memory than recognition memory. These results demonstrate that individual differences in LTM are dependent on the configuration of a whole-brain functional network including but not limited to regions associated with LTM during encoding and that such a network is separable from what supports the retention of information in working memory.

Retrieval from long-term memory in senile dementia; Cued recall revisited

1983 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Morris ◽  
Jan Wheatley ◽  
Peter Britton
Keyword(s):  
Senile Dementia ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory

Topography and Dynamics of Associative Long-term Memory Retrieval in Humans

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Khader ◽  
Kathrin Knoth ◽  
Michael Burke ◽  
Charan Ranganath ◽  
Siegfried Bien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Bold Signal ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Slow Potential ◽  
Term Memory

The present study investigated the neurophysiological processes underlying associative long-term memory retrieval of objects and spatial positions by means of a modified fan paradigm with cued recall and two neuroimaging methods (electroencephalogram [EEG] and functional magnetic resonance imaging). In an acquisition phase, either one stimulus or two stimuli became associated with a noun. During retrieval, probe stimuli comprising noun pairs were presented, and participants had to recall the respective associations and decided whether the nouns are linked to each other via a commonly associated stimulus. With this design, the quality and quantity of recalled associations was systematically varied, whereas the triggering stimuli and response requirements were held constant in all experimental conditions. Recall time proved to be directly related to the number of associations fanning out from a retrieval cue. Correspondingly, the hemodynamic response (blood oxygen level-dependent [BOLD] signal) and the amplitude of slow negative EEG potentials increased monotonically with the number of associations in both left anterior and bilateral posterior cortical areas. These effects were consistently observed with content-specific topographies for the two distinct materials. Furthermore, the multimethod approach revealed a close temporal link between response times and event-related slow potential changes on the one side and a close topographical and amplitude correspondence between slow potentials and BOLD signal changes on the other. The integrated results suggest that the neuronal dynamics of associative memory retrieval are equivalent for different types of associations, but that the structural basis is clearly content-specific.

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Long-Term Memory Enhancement Following Retrieval Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia Marin-Garcia ◽  
Aaron T. Mattfeld ◽  
John D. E. Gabrieli
Keyword(s):  
Testing Effect ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Contrast Study ◽  
Memory Enhancement ◽  
Term Memory

Retrieval practice, relative to further study, leads to long-term memory enhancement known as the “testing effect.” The neurobiological correlates of the testing effect at retrieval, when the learning benefits of testing are expressed, have not been fully characterized. Participants learned Swahili-English word-pairs and were assigned randomly to either the Study-Group or the Test-Group. After a week delay, all participants completed a cued-recall test while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The Test-Group had superior memory for the word-pairs compared to the Study-Group. While both groups exhibited largely overlapping activations for remembered word-pairs, following an interaction analysis the Test-Group exhibited differential performance-related effects in the left putamen and left inferior parietal cortex near the supramarginal gyrus. The same analysis showed the Study-Group exhibited greater activations in the dorsal MPFC/pre-SMA and bilateral frontal operculum for remembered vs. forgotten word-pairs, whereas the Test-Group showed the opposite pattern of activation in the same regions. Thus, retrieval practice during training establishes a unique striatal-supramarginal network at retrieval that promotes enhanced memory performance. In contrast, study alone yields poorer memory but greater activations in frontal regions.

scholarly journals Semantic Congruence Drives Long-Term Memory and Similarly Affects Neural Retrieval Dynamics in Young and Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo J. Alejandro ◽  
Pau A. Packard ◽  
Tineke K. Steiger ◽  
Lluis Fuentemilla ◽  
Nico Bunzeck
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Semantic Congruence

Learning novel information can be promoted if it is congruent with already stored knowledge. This so-called semantic congruence effect has been broadly studied in healthy young adults with a focus on neural encoding mechanisms. However, the impacts on retrieval, and possible impairments during healthy aging, which is typically associated with changes in declarative long-term memory, remain unclear. To investigate these issues, we used a previously established paradigm in healthy young and older humans with a focus on the neural activity at a final retrieval stage as measured with electroencephalography (EEG). In both age groups, semantic congruence at encoding enhanced subsequent long-term recognition memory of words. Compatible with this observation, semantic congruence led to differences in event-related potentials (ERPs) at retrieval, and this effect was not modulated by age. Specifically, congruence modulated old/new ERPs at a fronto-central (Fz) and left parietal (P3) electrode in a late (400–600 ms) time window, which has previously been associated with recognition memory processes. Importantly, ERPs to old items also correlated with the positive effect of semantic congruence on long-term memory independent of age. Together, our findings suggest that semantic congruence drives subsequent recognition memory across the lifespan through changes in neural retrieval processes.

scholarly journals The Neural Substrates of Recognition Memory for Verbal Information: Spanning the Divide between Short- and Long-term Memory

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 978-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley R. Buchsbaum ◽  
Aarthi Padmanabhan ◽  
Karen Faith Berman
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Research ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Short And Long Term

One of the classic categorical divisions in the history of memory research is that between short-term and long-term memory. Indeed, because memory for the immediate past (a few seconds) and memory for the relatively more remote past (several seconds and beyond) are assumed to rely on distinct neural systems, more often than not, memory research has focused either on short- (or “working memory”) or on long-term memory. Using an auditory–verbal continuous recognition paradigm designed for fMRI, we examined how the neural signatures of recognition memory change across an interval of time (from 2.5 to 30 sec) that spans this hypothetical division between short- and long-term memory. The results revealed that activity during successful auditory–verbal item recognition in inferior parietal cortex and the posterior superior temporal lobe was maximal for early lags, whereas, conversely, activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus increased as a function of lag. Taken together, the results reveal that as the interval between item repetitions increases, there is a shift in the distribution of memory-related activity that moves from posterior temporo-parietal cortex (lags 1–4) to inferior frontal regions (lags 5–10), indicating that as time advances, the burden of recognition memory is increasingly placed on top–down retrieval mechanisms that are mediated by structures in inferior frontal cortex.

Perception and Recognition Memory in Monkeys Following Lesions of Area TE and Perirhinal Cortex

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 375-382
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Buffalo ◽  
Seth J. Ramus ◽  
Larry R. Squire ◽  
Stuart M. Zola
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Cortical Area ◽  
Perirhinal Cortex ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Delay ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Area ◽  
Area Te

Monkeys with lesions of perirhinal cortex (PR group) and monkeys with lesions of inferotemporal cortical area TE (TE group) were tested on a modified version of the delayed nonmatching to sample (DNMS) task that included very short delay intervals (0.5 sec) as well as longer delay intervals (1 min and 10 min). Lesions of the perirhinal cortex and lesions of area TE produced different patterns of impairment. The PR group learned the DNMS task as quickly as normal monkeys (N) when the delay between sample and choice was very short (0.5 sec). However, performance of the PR group, unlike that of the N group, fell to chance levels when the delay between sample and choice was lengthened to 10 min. In contrast to the PR group, the TE group was markedly impaired on the DNMS task even at the 0.5-sec delay, and three of four monkeys with TE lesions failed to acquire the task. The results provide support for the idea that perirhinal cortex is important not for perceptual processing, but for the formation and maintenance of long-term memory. Area TE is important for the perceptual processing of visual stimuli.

scholarly journals Genetic Influences on Free and Cued Recall in Long-Term Memory Tasks

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 623-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather E. Volk ◽  
Kathleen B. McDermott ◽  
Henry L. Roediger ◽  
Richard D. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Word Recall ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Verbal Intelligence ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Brain Functions

AbstractLong-term memory (LTM) problems are associated with many psychiatric and neurological illnesses and are commonly measured using free and cued recall tasks. Although LTM has been linked with biologic mechanisms, the etiology of distinct LTM tasks is unknown. We studied LTM in 95 healthy female twin pairs identified through birth records in the state of Missouri. Performance on tasks of free recall of unrelated words, free and cued recall of categorized words, and the vocabulary section of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R) were examined using structural equation modeling. Additive genetic and unique environmental factors influenced LTM and intelligence. Free recall of unrelated and categorized words, and cued recall of categorized words, were moderately heritable (55%, 38%, and 37%). WAIS-R vocabulary score was highly heritable (77%). Controlling for verbal intelligence in multivariate analyses of recall, two components of genetic influence on LTM were found; one for all three recall scores and one for free and cued categorized word recall. Recall of unrelated and categorized words is influenced by different genetic and environmental factors indicating heterogeneity in LTM. Verbal intelligence is etiologically different from LTM indicating that these two abilities utilize different brain functions.

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