On the meaning of formative measurement and how it differs from reflective measurement: Comment on Howell, Breivik, and Wilcox (2007).

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Bagozzi
Keyword(s):  
Formative Measurement ◽  
Reflective Measurement

scholarly journals Engagement in Games: Developing an Instrument to Measure Consumer Videogame Engagement and Its Validation

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Zaib Abbasi ◽  
Ding Hooi Ting ◽  
Helmut Hlavacs
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Model ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Factor Solution ◽  
Formative Measurement ◽  
Multidimensional Construct ◽  
First Order ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Valid Instrument ◽  
Formative Measurement Model ◽  
Reflective Measurement

The aim of the study is to develop a new instrument to measure engagement in videogame play termed as consumer videogame engagement. The study followed the scale development procedure to develop an instrument to measure the construct of consumer videogame engagement. In this study, we collected the data in two different phases comprising study 1 (n=136) and study 2 (n=270). We employed SPSS 22.0 for exploratory factor analysis using study 1 respondents to explore the factors for consumer videogame engagement and reliability analysis. Results of EFA resulted with six-factor solution. We further used SmartPLS 3.0 software on study 2 respondents to further confirm the six-factor solution as reflective measurement model on the first-order level, and three second-order formative constructs on the second-order or higher-order level as formative measurement model. Results of the reflective measurement model and formative measurement model evidenced that consumer videogame engagement has strong psychometric properties and is a valid instrument to measure engagement in videogame play. Results also confirmed that consumer videogame engagement is a multidimensional construct as well as a reflective-formative construct. The study is unique in its investigation as it develops an instrument to measure engagement in videogame play which comprises the cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions.

scholarly journals Formative Measurement Scale Development: An Example Using Generalized Structured Component Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn Hall ◽  
Joshua D. Shackman
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Measurement Scales ◽  
Generalized Structured Component Analysis ◽  
Formative Measurement ◽  
Job Satisfaction Survey ◽  
Reduce Measurement Error ◽  
Reflective Measurement

Unlike reflective measurement scales, the steps for development of formative measurement scales tend to behighly subjective and involve mostly the judgment of the researcher. Formative scales have been criticized for this reason.This paper extends Christophersen and Konradt’s (2008) method of joint development of a formative and reflective scale toassess mutual validity of each scale. We utilize a second order method to reduce measurement error in the formative scaleas suggested by Edwards (2011), and test the efficacy of Generalized Structured Component Analysis (GeSCA) for thispurpose. For illustrative purposes, we utilize a sample of formative and reflective job satisfaction survey data both to testour joint formative/reflective scale development technique and to assess which formative aspects of job satisfaction alignwith commonly used reflective job satisfaction scales.

scholarly journals Crossing the seven Cs of internal consistency: Assessing the reliability of formative instruments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan L.K. Gruijters ◽  
Bram P.I. Fleuren ◽  
Gjalt - Jorn Ygram Peters
Keyword(s):  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Composite Score ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Psychological Construct ◽  
Formative Measurement ◽  
Multiple Indicators ◽  
Item Scores ◽  
Formative Measurement Model ◽  
Reflective Measurement

Evaluating the reliability of measurement instruments is common practice in organizational psychology. When measurement proceeds using composites of multiple indicators, reliability is often examined with internal consistency estimates. This is common practice for both measurement instruments with a reflective measurement model, where a latent psychological construct is assumed to cause the item scores, and with a formative measurement model, where the composite score defines the construct. In the latter case, however, internal consistency indices such as Coefficient Alpha or Omega are not informative about reliability. In this paper, we review the assumption of reflective measurement and discuss why internal consistency estimates assume this model. We then provide an illustration of a checklist (originally proposed by Jarvis et al., 2003) intended to aid researchers, reviewers and editors in recognizing reflective measurement. Finally, the paper describes how researchers can estimate the reliability of instruments that use formative items. With these contributions, the paper aims to promote awareness of measurement assumptions when estimating reliability, and to provide tailored alternatives for assessing the reliability of formative instruments.

Formative versus reflective measurement models: Two applications of formative measurement

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 1250-1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Coltman ◽  
Timothy M. Devinney ◽  
David F. Midgley ◽  
Sunil Venaik
Keyword(s):  
Formative Measurement ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Reflective Measurement

Going through the motions

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annamaria Kubovcikova
Keyword(s):  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Multiple Indicators ◽  
Concept Definition ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Reflective Measurement ◽  
Stability And Consistency

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the properties of the well-known three-dimensional adjustment scale, established by Black et al. (1988, 1989), namely, its dimensionality and internal consistency. The theoretical basis of the construct is discussed in relation to formative and reflective measurement approaches. Design/methodology/approach – Two different ways of organizing the adjustment items (random/non-random) were used to assess the internal consistency of the three-dimensional adjustment scale. The quantitative analysis presented is based on survey data from 468 assigned expatriates in Asia that were subjected to an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis as well as a structural equation modeling – more specifically the multiple indicators multiple causes model (MIMIC). Findings – The study revealed that the adjustment construct is possibly misspecified, especially the general adjustment dimension, that was tested as a formative, not a reflective scale. There is further evidence that the wrong measurement approach skewed the coefficient that connects adjustment to performance, which is the key construct in its nomological network. Moreover, the dimensionality and the internal consistency of the scale are deteriorated to a large extent by randomization of the items. The findings highlight the need for a clear concept definition that would lead to an appropriate operationalization of the construct. Originality/value – The study is one of the few rigorously testing the properties of a construct that has been used for almost 30 years, thus yielding some novel conclusions about its stability and consistency.

The Fallacy of Formative Measurement

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Formative Measurement

Percezione del management e percezione del cliente: un confronto sui punti di forza dell'impresa

2009 ◽  
pp. 125-146
Author(s):  
Stefano Cabras ◽  
Cinzia Dessě ◽  
Michela Floris
Keyword(s):  
Customer Value ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Measurement Scale ◽  
Marketing Theory ◽  
Formative Measurement ◽  
Analysis Measurement ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Additive Contribution ◽  
Formative Measurement Model ◽  
Value Measurement

Customer value is unanimously considered to be one of the most fundamental concepts in marketing theory. Nonetheless, customer value measurement has been at best sparse or minimal. The authors specify and test a formative measurement model of customer value which describes the additive contribution of four categories of benefits and three categories of sacrifices to customer value formation. The authors present results of measurement scale development process in three consumption contexts, and show that the proposed model, which they call perceived consumption experience value (PCEV), is reliable and valid, and is able to predict customer satisfaction and loyalty better than the Gale method.Keywords: customer value, benefits and sacrifices analysis, measurement Parole chiave: valore per il cliente, analisi benefici/sacrifici, misurazione

scholarly journals A Challenge of Macro-Meso-Micro Analysis Impacts on Multiracial Nationality Decision Making :Multiracial Thai-Japanese in Bangkok

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
Thanapum Limsiritong ◽  
Tomoyuki Furutani ◽  
Karnjira Limsiritong
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Model Prediction ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Micro Structure ◽  
Labor Management ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Formative Measurement ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Future Population

Nationality decision making could impact immensely to country structural, society issues, and future population. Exploring the factors and model prediction could dramatical give benefits to Thailand-Japan or as a reference to other countries toward possibility of multiracial nationality decision making, policy approach to future population and international labor management. The case study of Thai-Japanese multiracial nationality decision making could crucial explain to 4 scenarioses under developing and developed country status contexts. The objectives in this exploratory basic factors research are (1) To study the possibility factors of multiracial decision making (2) To adjust the factors impact on multiracial decision making into a model prediction (3) To assess a model in separation of developing and developed country context toward multiracial decision making. This research conduted N=685 of multinaitonality Thai-Japanese in Bangkok (Thailand) under criteria control throught statistic processes requirement, questionnaire survey conducted in purposive sampling via online at Bangkok as the biggest majority province of Japanese migrant in Thailand (Thailand-Japan embassy,2019). PLS-SEM was considered to assess a formative measurement from lower to higher order and mediation model of macro, meso, and micro levels by using SMART-PLS 3.0. The results indicate that Thailand macro level should concern about “Political and governance”, and “Hospital and wellness” factors, Japan macro level should consider to “Economic”, and “Working environment” factors. Also, Thailand meso level have more issue on development factors than Japan, afterward meso factor as an individual background and experience reports that education and passport competency support to multiracial nationality decision making to both Thailand and Japan. As a result, Thailand macro, meso, and micro structure presents to the unrelevance between macro, meso, and micro which causes to unsupport of nationality decision making meanwhile Japan has a potential to escalate a policy toward macro and meso in better positive way with a significant support between macro, meso, and micro structure both direct and indirect to multiracial natonality decision making.

scholarly journals ASSESSING THE FACTORS CAUSING PROJECT COMPLETION DELAYS IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR OF OMAN USING SEM-PLS

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 900-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Suleiman Al Maktoumi ◽  
Firdouse Rahman Khan ◽  
Ahmed Rashid Suwied Al Maktoumi
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Formative Measurement ◽  
Project Completion ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Process Allocation

Purpose: The objectives of the study were to investigate the causes of the delays to analyze the factors causing the construction delay in Oman and to investigate the effects of such delays. Design/methodology/approach: To carry out this study 210 samples were collected through a well-defined questionnaire from the construction stakeholders viz. the consultants, contractors, and the clients who were selected on a random sampling basis. Smart PLS for Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique was used to analyze the data to obtain the formative measurement models, the structured model, and the goodness of fit. Findings: The results of the study reveal that the client-related factors, equipment-related factors, and material related factors have a significant impact on the completion delay in construction projects. The findings of the study also revealed that the Client related factors were – Delay in providing services, Delayed decision-making process, Allocation of insufficient time. Equipment related factors were – Existing low productive equipment, Unskillful Equipment operator, Breakdown of equipment and Outdated equipment; Material related factors were – Delay in supply of raw materials, Non-availability of materials, Change of materials during construction, Non-availability of accessories and Damaged materials. Research limitations/Implications: The present study covers the stakeholders of the construction projects from selected regions only. The future studies can be extended to other projects and other regions as well. Social implications: The study suggested that the clients’ cooperation especially in providing the contractors with the necessary equipment, facilities, and sufficient time will avoid such delays of the construction projects in Oman. Originality/Value: Only very few have examined the completion delay of the construction projects in Oman using SEM-PLS and it is a first-hand study of its kind and the results will be useful to the stakeholders.

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