Individual differences in ideological attitudes and prejudice: Evidence from peer-report data.

2012 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Christopher Cohrs ◽  
Nicole Kämpfe-Hargrave ◽  
Rainer Riemann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Peer Report ◽  
Ideological Attitudes

Personality, Ideological Attitudes, and Prejudice: Evidence from Self- and Peer-Report Data

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Cohrs ◽  
Nicole Kampfe ◽  
Rainer Riemann
Keyword(s):  
Report Data ◽  
Peer Report ◽  
Ideological Attitudes

scholarly journals False Positives Using Social Cognitive Mapping to Identify Children’s Peer Groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Neal ◽  
Jennifer Watling Neal ◽  
Rachel Domagalski
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Mapping ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
False Positives ◽  
Random Data ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Peer Report

Children and adolescents interact in peer groups, which are known to influence a range of psychological and behavioral outcomes. In developmental psychology and related disciplines, social cognitive mapping (SCM), as implemented with the SCM 4.0 software, is the most commonly used method for identifying peer groups from peer report data. However, in a series of four studies, we demonstrate that SCM has an unacceptably high risk of false positives. Specifically, we show that SCM will identify peer groups even when applied to random data. We introduce backbone extraction and community detection as one promising alternative to SCM, and offer several recommendations for researchers seeking to identify peer groups from peer report data.

scholarly journals False positives using social cognitive mapping to identify children’s peer groups

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Neal ◽  
Jennifer Watling Neal ◽  
Rachel Domagalski
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Mapping ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Peer Groups ◽  
False Positives ◽  
Random Data ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Peer Report

Children and adolescents interact in peer groups, which are known to influence a range of psychological and behavioral outcomes. In developmental psychology and related disciplines, social cognitive mapping (SCM), as implemented with the SCM 4.0 software, is the most commonly used method for identifying peer groups from peer report data. However, in a series of four studies, we demonstrate that SCM has an unacceptably high risk of false positives. Specifically, we show that SCM will identify peer groups even when applied to random data. We introduce backbone extraction and community detection as one promising alternative to SCM, and offer several recommendations for researchers seeking to identify peer groups from peer report data.

Sources of variance in the audiovisual perception of speech in noise

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Celina C. Nahanni ◽  
Justin M. Deonarine ◽  
Martin Paré ◽  
Kevin G. Munhall
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Acoustic Noise ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Speech In Noise ◽  
Auditory Speech ◽  
Presentation Modes ◽  
Audiovisual Perception ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Noisy Background

The sight of a talker’s face dramatically influences the perception of auditory speech. This effect is most commonly observed when subjects are presented audiovisual (AV) stimuli in the presence of acoustic noise. However, the magnitude of the gain in perception that vision adds varies considerably in published work. Here we report data from an ongoing study of individual differences in AV speech perception when English words are presented in an acoustically noisy background. A large set of monosyllablic nouns was presented at 7 signal-to-noise ratios (pink noise) in both AV and auditory-only (AO) presentation modes. The stimuli were divided into 14 blocks of 25 words and each block was equated for spoken frequency using the SUBTLEXus database (Brysbaert and New, 2009). The presentation of the stimulus blocks was counterbalanced across subjects for noise level and presentation. In agreement with Sumby and Pollack (1954), the accuracy of both AO and AV increase monotonically with signal strength with the greatest visual gain being when the auditory signal was weakest. These average results mask considerable variability due to subject (individual differences in auditory and visual perception), stimulus (lexical type, token articulation) and presentation (signal and noise attributes) factors. We will discuss how these sources of variance impede comparisons between studies.

scholarly journals More than meets the ear: Individual differences in trait and state willingness to communicate as predictors of language learning performance in a Chinese EFL context

2020 ◽  
pp. 136216882095193
Author(s):  
Jiayi Zhang ◽  
Nadin Beckmann ◽  
Jens F. Beckmann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Willingness To Communicate ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Communication Behaviour ◽  
English Classrooms ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
And Performance

Chinese students are frequently seen as passive learners because of their apparent reluctance to speak, particularly in English classrooms. However, this impression seems to reflect a stereotype which is likely to confound willingness to communicate (WTC) and communication behaviour. In this article we argue for more attention to be paid to individual differences to complement culture-related explanations of differences in WTC. Self-report data on WTC at both trait and state levels and personality characteristics were analysed in relation to L2 language learning performance in a sample of 103 university students. Individual differences in WTCL1 were found to be strongly related to extraversion; whilst individual differences in WTCL2 were associated with openness to experience, conscientiousness, and agreeableness, rather than extraversion. Moreover, this study differentiates state WTCL2 from communication behaviour, and provides evidence for both trait and state WTCL2 being important predictors of L2 learning performance despite being differently related to personality. Our results overall suggest that exclusively relying on observable communication behaviour is likely to overlook effective antecedences of learning and performance. This study pleads for a more differentiated perspective on WTC and its personality correlates at both trait and state levels. It provides further evidence that WTC is a useful construct in working towards a better understanding of language learning processes.

scholarly journals Predominant Qualities Evoked by Quinine, Sucrose, and Capsaicin Associate With PROP Bitterness, but not TAS2R38 Genotype

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 383-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alissa A Nolden ◽  
John E McGeary ◽  
John E Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Magnitude Scale ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Perceived Intensity ◽  
Report Data

Abstract Genetic variability in the ability to taste thiourea compounds has been studied for 80+ years. Over the last 3 decades, many studies have reported perceived intensity of concentrated propylthiouracil (PROP) associates with greater intensity from a broad range of stimuli, including nonbitter tastants, irritants, and retronasally delivered odorants. Thus, PROP phenotype has become a common measure of individual differences in orosensation. Much, but not all, of the phenotypic variation in PROP bitterness is explained by TAS2R38 polymorphisms. While differences in PROP bitterness are clearly due to genetic variation, mechanistically it is challenging to envision how this receptor (narrowly tuned to the N–C=S moiety) relates to overall orosensory response. Here, we report data for 200+ individuals who had been genotyped for TAS2R38 and phenotyped for PROP in a laboratory setting. Participants also reported the intensity of quinine, capsaicin, and sucrose on a general Labeled Magnitude Scale. Our data recapitulate earlier reports associating PROP bitterness with the intensity of the predominant qualities of sucrose, quinine, and capsaicin; however, we also find correlations between the intensities of sucrose, quinine, and capsaicin were much stronger with each other than with PROP. As expected, TAS2R38 diplotype did not associate with the intensity of sucrose, quinine, or capsaicin. The strength of PROP–capsaicin and PROP–sucrose relationships increased after grouping participants by TAS2R38 diplotype, with the greatest increases in association observed within homozygotes. Collectively, this suggests the suprathreshold intensity of PROP is a confounded phenotype that captures both genetic variation specific to N–C=S compounds and overall orosensation.

scholarly journals Predominant qualities evoked by quinine, sucrose, and capsaicin associate with PROP bitterness, but not TAS2R38 genotype

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alissa Allen Nolden ◽  
John E. McGeary ◽  
John Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Magnitude Scale ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Perceived Intensity ◽  
Report Data

Genetic variability in the ability to taste thiourea compounds has been studied for 80+ years. Over the last 3 decades, many studies have reported perceived intensity of concentrated propylthiouracil (PROP) associates with greater intensity from a broad range of stimuli, including non-bitter tastants, irritants, and retronasally delivered odorants. Thus, PROP phenotype has become a common measure of individual differences in orosensensation. Much, but not all, of the phenotypic variation in PROP bitterness is explained by TAS2R38 polymorphisms. While differences in PROP bitterness are clearly due to genetic variation, mechanistically it is challenging to envision how this receptor (narrowly tuned to the N–C=S moiety) relates to overall orosensory response. Here, we report data for 200+ individuals who had been genotyped for TAS2R38 and phenotyped for PROP in laboratory setting. Participants also reported the intensity of quinine, capsaicin, and sucrose on a general Labeled Magnitude Scale. Our data recapitulate earlier reports associating PROP bitterness with the intensity of the predominant qualities of sucrose, quinine, and capsaicin; however, we also find correlations between the intensities of sucrose, quinine, and capsaicin were much stronger with each other than with PROP. As expected, TAS2R38 diplotype did not associate with the intensity of sucrose, quinine, or capsaicin. The strength of PROP-capsaicin and PROP-sucrose relationships increased after grouping participants by TAS2R38 diplotype, with the greatest increases in association observed within homozygotes. Collectively, this suggests the suprathreshold intensity of PROP is a confounded phenotype that captures both genetic variation specific to N–C=S compounds and overall orosensation.

scholarly journals A Data-Driven Analysis of the Cognitive and Perceptual Attributes of Ideological Attitudes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leor Zmigrod ◽  
Ian W Eisenberg ◽  
Patrick Bissett ◽  
Trevor William Robbins ◽  
Russell Poldrack
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Cognitive Decision ◽  
Ideological Attitudes

Although human existence is enveloped by ideologies, remarkably little is understood about the relationships between ideological attitudes and psychological traits. Even less is known about how cognitive dispositions – individual differences in how information is perceived and processed – sculpt individuals’ ideological worldviews, proclivities for extremist beliefs, and resistance (or receptivity) to evidence. Using an unprecedented number of cognitive tasks (N=37) and personality surveys (N=22), along with data-driven analyses including drift-diffusion and Bayesian modelling, we uncovered the specific psychological signatures of political, nationalistic, religious, and dogmatic beliefs. Cognitive and personality assessments consistently outperformed demographic predictors in accounting for individual differences in ideological preferences by 4 to 15-fold. Furthermore, data-driven analyses revealed that individuals’ ideological attitudes mirrored their cognitive decision-making strategies. Conservatism and nationalism were related to greater caution in perceptual decision-making tasks and to reduced strategic information processing, while dogmatism was associated with slower evidence accumulation and impulsive tendencies. Religiosity was implicated in heightened agreeableness and risk perception. Extreme pro-group attitudes, including violence endorsement against outgroups, were linked to poorer working memory, slower perceptual strategies, and tendencies towards impulsivity and sensation-seeking – reflecting overlaps with the psychological profiles of conservatism and dogmatism. Cognitive and personality signatures were also generated for ideologies such as authoritarianism, system justification, social dominance orientation, patriotism, and receptivity to evidence or alternative viewpoints; elucidating their underpinnings and highlighting avenues for future research. Together these findings suggest that ideological worldviews may be reflective of low-level perceptual and cognitive functions.

scholarly journals The cognitive and perceptual correlates of ideological attitudes: a data-driven approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1822) ◽  
pp. 20200424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leor Zmigrod ◽  
Ian W. Eisenberg ◽  
Patrick G. Bissett ◽  
Trevor W. Robbins ◽  
Russell A. Poldrack
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Data Driven Approach ◽  
Ideological Attitudes

Although human existence is enveloped by ideologies, remarkably little is understood about the relationships between ideological attitudes and psychological traits. Even less is known about how cognitive dispositions—individual differences in how information is perceived and processed— sculpt individuals' ideological worldviews, proclivities for extremist beliefs and resistance (or receptivity) to evidence. Using an unprecedented number of cognitive tasks ( n = 37) and personality surveys ( n = 22), along with data-driven analyses including drift-diffusion and Bayesian modelling, we uncovered the specific psychological signatures of political, nationalistic, religious and dogmatic beliefs. Cognitive and personality assessments consistently outperformed demographic predictors in accounting for individual differences in ideological preferences by 4 to 15-fold. Furthermore, data-driven analyses revealed that individuals’ ideological attitudes mirrored their cognitive decision-making strategies. Conservatism and nationalism were related to greater caution in perceptual decision-making tasks and to reduced strategic information processing, while dogmatism was associated with slower evidence accumulation and impulsive tendencies. Religiosity was implicated in heightened agreeableness and risk perception. Extreme pro-group attitudes, including violence endorsement against outgroups, were linked to poorer working memory, slower perceptual strategies, and tendencies towards impulsivity and sensation-seeking—reflecting overlaps with the psychological profiles of conservatism and dogmatism. Cognitive and personality signatures were also generated for ideologies such as authoritarianism, system justification, social dominance orientation, patriotism and receptivity to evidence or alternative viewpoints; elucidating their underpinnings and highlighting avenues for future research. Together these findings suggest that ideological worldviews may be reflective of low-level perceptual and cognitive functions. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The political brain: neurocognitive and computational mechanisms’.

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